{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T11:22:47Z","timestamp":1768476167057,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["the National Natural Science Fund of China (Nos. 41806191; U1606403)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["the National Natural Science Fund of China (Nos. 41806191; U1606403)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No. 2013AA093001)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No. 2013AA093001)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["the project supported by the Marine S&T Fund of Shandong Province for Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) (No. 2018SDKJ0406-5)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["the project supported by the Marine S&T Fund of Shandong Province for Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) (No. 2018SDKJ0406-5)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012906","name":"Department of Education of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR2019BD049)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR2019BD049)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012906","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["the Taishan Scholars Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["the Taishan Scholars Program"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acanthus ilicifolius herb (AIH), the dry plant of Acanthus ilicifolius L., has long been used as a folk medicine for treating acute and chronic hepatitis. Phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs) are one family of the main components in AIH with hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, the pharmacokinetics of AIH was investigated preliminarily by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS\/MS). A simultaneously quantitative determination method for four PhGs (acteoside, isoacteoside, martynoside, and crenatoside) in rat plasma was first established by UPLC-MS\/MS. These four PhGs were separated with an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 \u00d7 50 mm, 1.7 \u03bcm) by gradient elution (mobile phase: MeCN and 0.1% formic acid in water, 0.4 mL\/min). The mass spectrometry detection was performed using negative electrospray ionization (ESI\u2212) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. By the established method, the preliminary pharmacokinetics of AIH was elucidated using the kinetic parameters of the four PhGs in rat plasma after intragastric administration of AIH ethanol extract. All four PhGs showed double peaks on concentration-time curves, approximately at 0.5 h and 6 h, respectively. Their elimination half-lives (t1\/2) were different, ranging from 3.42 h to 8.99 h, although they shared similar molecular structures. This work may provide a basis for the elucidation of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of bioactive components from AIH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24173117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T11:23:18Z","timestamp":1566991398000},"page":"3117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Simultaneous Quantification of Four Phenylethanoid Glycosides in Rat Plasma by UPLC-MS\/MS and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study of Acanthus Ilicifolius Herb"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Mengqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2097-223X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shijun","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changlun","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (1977). Dictionary of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Shanghai Science and Technology Press."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Guan, H.S., and Wang, S.G. (2009). Chinese Marine Materia Medica, Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Guan, H.S., and Wang, S.G. (2013). Selection of Chinese Marine Materia Medica, Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Guan, H.S., and Wang, S.G. (2015). Illustrated Handbook of Chinese Marine Materia Medica, Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, X.M., Zhang, M.Q., Shao, C.L., Li, G.Q., Bai, H., Dai, G.L., Chen, Q.W., Kong, W., Fu, X.J., and Wang, C.Y. (2016). Chinese Marine Materia Medica Resources: Status and Potential. Mar. Drugs, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/md14030046"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(00)00300-2","article-title":"Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of Acanthus ilicifolius","volume":"72","author":"Babu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(01)00347-6","article-title":"Tumour reducing and anticarcinogenic. activity of Acanthus ilicifolius in mice","volume":"79","author":"Babu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.07.024","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of Acanthus ilicifolius","volume":"120","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.110614","article-title":"Antifungal activity of leaves of mangroves plant Acanthus ilicifolius against Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"74","author":"Kalaskar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(13)60017-9","article-title":"Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of Acanthus ilicifolius flower","volume":"3","author":"Firdaus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"485","article-title":"Benzoxazinoids from Acanthus ilicifolius","volume":"81","author":"Wahidulla","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Indian Inst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(01)00267-9","article-title":"Benzoxazinoid glucosides from Acanthus ilicifolius","volume":"58","author":"Kanchanapoom","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)00362-9","article-title":"Lignan glucosides from Acanthus ilicifolius","volume":"56","author":"Kanchanapoom","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"122","article-title":"Flavonoid glycosides from Acanthus ilicifolius L.","volume":"56","author":"Kanchanapoom","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(03)00100-6","article-title":"Phenylethanoid and aliphatic alcohol glycosides from Acanthus ilicifolius","volume":"63","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1002\/mrc.1393","article-title":"Complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR data for 10 phenylethanoid glycosides","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-001-1232-3","article-title":"Chemical constituents of Acanthus ilicifolius L. and effect on osteoblastic MC3T3E1 cells","volume":"31","author":"Van","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2010.01.047","article-title":"Acylated phenylethanoid oligoglycosides with hepatoprotective activity from the desert plant Cistanche tubulosa","volume":"18","author":"Morikawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.58.575","article-title":"Bioactive constituents from Chinese nature medicines: Four new acylated phenylethanoid oligoglycosides, kankanosides J1, J2, K1 and K2 from stems of Cistanche tubulosa","volume":"58","author":"Pan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2011.10.034","article-title":"Hepatoprotective glycosides from Leonurus japonicus Houtt","volume":"348","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2015.1084304","article-title":"Hepatoprotective phenylethanoid glycosides from Cirsium setosum","volume":"30","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s13765-015-0076-0","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effect of phenylethanoid glycosides from Incarvillea compacta against CCl4-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells","volume":"58","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, Z.Z., and Yang, B. (2016). Phenylethanoid glycosides: Research advances in their phytochemistry, pharmacological activity and pharmacokinetics. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21080991"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2018, May 24). (FDA) Guidance for Industry: Bioanalytical Method Validation, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/ucm\/groups\/fdagov-public\/@fdagovdrugs-gen\/documents\/document\/ucm070107.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"417","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of acteoside in rats","volume":"30","author":"Gan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4408","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201800545","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of savaside A, acteoside, and isoacteoside in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS\/MS: Comparative pharmacokinetic and bioavailability characteristics of Monochasma savatieri via different routes of administration","volume":"41","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"3533","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of three phenolic glycosides in Callicarpa nudiflora by UHPLC-MS methods and analysis of their pharmacokinetics in plasma of rats","volume":"46","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.3505","article-title":"Comparative pharmacokinetics of catalpol and acteoside in normal and chronic kidney disease rats after oral administration of Rehmannia glutinosa extract","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2013.11.014","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of plantamajoside and acteoside from Plantago asiatica in rats by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"89","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Ana."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"148","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, excretion and plasma protein binding studies of acteoside in rats","volume":"66","author":"Wen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Res."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/24\/17\/3117\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:14:30Z","timestamp":1760188470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/24\/17\/3117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules24173117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules24173117","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]]}}}