{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:05:47Z","timestamp":1790784347607,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]],"date-time":"2019-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation of South Africa,","award":["98337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98337"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metastatic melanoma (MM) has a poor prognosis and is attributed to late diagnoses only when metastases has already occurred. Thus, early diagnosis is crucial to improve its overall treatment efficacy. The standard diagnostic tools for MM are incisional biopsies and\/or fine needle aspiration biopsies, while standard treatments involve surgery, chemotherapy, or irradiation therapy. The combination of photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) utilizes a photosensitizer (PS) that, when excited by light of a low wavelength, can be used for fluorescent non-destructive diagnosis. However, when the same PS is activated at a higher wavelength of light, it can be cytotoxic and induce tumor destruction. This paper focuses on PS drugs that have been used for PDD as well as PDT treatment of MM. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for continued investigation into enhanced PS delivery via active biomarkers and passive nanoparticle systems. This should improve PS drug absorption in MM cells and increase effectiveness of combinative photodynamic methods for the enhanced diagnosis and treatment of MM can become a reality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24173153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]],"date-time":"2019-08-29T11:26:22Z","timestamp":1567077982000},"page":"3153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Simultaneous Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3855-2463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Channay","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4556-9132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cherie Ann","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5002-827X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi","family":"Abrahamse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2017.07.003","article-title":"Complications following completion lymphadenectomy versus therapeutic lymphadenectomy for melanoma\u2013A systematic review of the literature","volume":"43","author":"Moody","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. 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