{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T15:35:46Z","timestamp":1776785746615,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["667933"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["667933"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["721766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["721766"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pituitary adenomas are neoplasia of the anterior pituitary gland and can be subdivided into hormone-producing tumors (lactotroph, corticotroph, gonadotroph, somatotroph, thyreotroph or plurihormonal) and hormone-inactive tumors (silent or null cell adenomas) based on their hormonal status. We therefore developed a line scan Raman microspectroscopy (LSRM) system to detect, discriminate and hyperspectrally visualize pituitary gland from pituitary adenomas based on molecular differences. By applying principal component analysis followed by a k-nearest neighbor algorithm, specific hormone states were identified and a clear discrimination between pituitary gland and various adenoma subtypes was achieved. The classifier yielded an accuracy of 95% for gland tissue and 84\u201399% for adenoma subtypes. With an overall accuracy of 92%, our LSRM system has proven its potential to differentiate pituitary gland from pituitary adenomas. LSRM images based on the presence of specific Raman bands were created, and such images provided additional insight into the spatial distribution of particular molecular compounds. Pathological states could be molecularly differentiated and characterized with texture analysis evaluating Grey Level Cooccurrence Matrices for each LSRM image, as well as correlation coefficients between LSRM images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24193577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T10:54:58Z","timestamp":1570186498000},"page":"3577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Line Scan Raman Microspectroscopy for Label-Free Diagnosis of Human Pituitary Biopsies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Bovenkamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9105-3519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Micko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremias","family":"P\u00fcls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5449-745X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Placzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romana","family":"H\u00f6ftberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1918-1959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greisa","family":"Vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Leitgeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Drexler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Andreana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Wolfsberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Unterhuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.40","article-title":"Pathogenesis of pituitary tumors","volume":"7","author":"Melmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. 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