{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:25:40Z","timestamp":1791429940251,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,19]],"date-time":"2019-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIFA Multistate Research Fund","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}]},{"name":"Perstorp","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of several organic acids and their derivatives against Gram-positive (G+) and Gram-negative (G\u2212) bacteria. Butyric acid, valeric acid, monopropionin, monobutyrin, valerate glycerides, monolaurin, sodium formate, and ProPhorce\u2014a mixture of sodium formate and formic acid (40:60 w\/v)\u2014were tested at 8 to 16 concentrations from 10 to 50,000 mg\/L. The tested bacteria included G\u2212 bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, and Campylobacter jejuni) and G+ bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus suis). Antimicrobial activity was expressed as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tested compounds that prevented growth of tested bacteria in treated culture broth. The MICs of butyric acid, valeric acid, and ProPhorce varied among bacterial strains with the lowest MIC of 500\u20131000 mg\/L on two strains of Campylobacter. Sodium formate at highest tested concentrations (20,000 mg\/L) did not inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Enterococcus faecalis, but sodium formate inhibited the growth of other tested bacteria with MIC values from 2000 to 18,800 mg\/L. The MIC values of valerate glycerides, monolaurin, and monobutyrin ranged from 2500 to 15,000 mg\/L in the majority of bacterial strains. Monopropionin did not inhibit the growth of all tested bacteria, with the exception that the MIC of monopropionin was 11,300 mg\/L on Clostridia perfringens. Monolaurin strongly inhibited G+ bacteria, with the MIC value of 10 mg\/L against Streptococcus pneumoniae. The MIC tests indicated that organic acids and their derivatives exhibit promising antimicrobial effects in vitro against G\u2212 and G+ bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobial drugs. The acid forms had stronger in vitro antimicrobial activities than ester forms, except that the medium chain fatty acid ester monolaurin exhibited strong inhibitory effects on G+ bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24203770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T03:40:29Z","timestamp":1571629229000},"page":"3770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["In Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Organic Acids and Their Derivatives on Several Species of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Lauren","family":"Kovanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xixi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward Robert","family":"Atwill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Vaessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perstorp Waspik BV, 5165 NH Waspik, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xunde","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/84.4.634","article-title":"Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: History and mode of action","volume":"84","author":"Dibner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Poult. 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