{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:18:43Z","timestamp":1792793923637,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,26]],"date-time":"2019-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003758","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico do Maranh\u00e3o","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00986\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00986\/17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003758","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study investigated the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil extract of Ocimum gratissimum L. (EOOG) against multiresistant microorganisms in planktonic and biofilm form. Hydrodistillation was used to obtain the EOOG, and the analysis of chemical composition was done by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC\/MS) and flame ionization detection (GC\/FID). EOOG biological activity was verified against isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, using four strains for each species. The antibacterial action of EOOG was determined by disk diffusion, microdilution (MIC\/MBC), growth curve under sub-MIC exposure, and the combinatorial activity with ciprofloxacin (CIP) and oxacillin (OXA) were determined by checkerboard assay. The EOOG antibiofilm action was performed against the established biofilm and analyzed by crystal violet, colony-forming unit count, and SEM analyses. EOOG yielded 1.66% w\/w, with eugenol as the major component (74.83%). The MIC was 1000 \u00b5g\/mL for the most tested strains. The growth curve showed a lag phase delay for both species, mainly S. aureus, and reduced the growth level of E. coli by half. The combination of EOOG with OXA and CIP led to an additive action for S. aureus. A significant reduction in biofilm biomass and cell viability was verified for S. aureus and E. coli. In conclusion, EOOG has relevant potential as a natural alternative to treat infections caused by multiresistant strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24213864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T04:44:31Z","timestamp":1572237871000},"page":"3864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Ocimum gratissimum L. Essential Oil Against Multidrug-Resistant Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6325-9480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramaiana Soares","family":"Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Bioprospection and Experimentation Molecular Applied (NUBEM), University Center INTA\u2013UNINTA, Sobral, Cear\u00e1 62050-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1guida Maria","family":"Albuquerque Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Bioprospection and Experimentation Molecular Applied (NUBEM), University Center INTA\u2013UNINTA, Sobral, Cear\u00e1 62050-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f4nio Mateus","family":"Gomes Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Bioprospection and Experimentation Molecular Applied (NUBEM), 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Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Exact Sciences and Technology, State University Vale do Acara\u00fa, Sobral, Cear\u00e1 62040-370, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geovany Amorim","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Exact Sciences and Technology, State University Vale do Acara\u00fa, Sobral, Cear\u00e1 62040-370, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tigressa Helena","family":"Soares Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Exact Sciences and Technology, State University Vale do Acara\u00fa, Sobral, Cear\u00e1 62040-370, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5527-164X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9lcio Silva dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Exact Sciences and Technology, State University Vale do Acara\u00fa, Sobral, Cear\u00e1 62040-370, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabelly Linhares","family":"Ponte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Coordinator of the Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of Santa Casa de Miseric\u00f3rdia de Sobral, Sobral, Cear\u00e1 62010-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata Albuquerque","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Bioprospection and Experimentation Molecular Applied (NUBEM), University Center INTA\u2013UNINTA, Sobral, Cear\u00e1 62050-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Sousa","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Exact, Natural and Technological Sciences, State University of the Tocantina Region of Maranh\u00e3o, Imperatriz, Maranh\u00e3o 65901-480, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8089-730X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Eduardo Arag\u00e3o","family":"Catunda J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Exact, Natural and Technological Sciences, State University of the Tocantina Region of Maranh\u00e3o, Imperatriz, Maranh\u00e3o 65901-480, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0116-0957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Alves","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Bioprospection and Experimentation Molecular Applied (NUBEM), University Center INTA\u2013UNINTA, Sobral, Cear\u00e1 62050-100, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biofilms and Antimicrobial Agents, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Sobral, Cear\u00e1 62042-280, 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