{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T13:45:30Z","timestamp":1791639930675,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface composite design was used to study the effect of the ZnO synthesis conditions on its adsorption of methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB). The ZnO was prepared via hydrothermal treatment under different conditions including temperature (T), precursor concentration (C), pH, and reaction time (t). Models were built using four Design expert-11 software-based responses: the point of zero charge (pHzc), MO and MB removal efficiencies (RMO, RMB), MO and MB adsorption capacities (qMO, qMB), and hydrodynamic diameter of ZnO particles (Dh). ZnO was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV\/VIS spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The formation of ZnO was confirmed by the XRD, UV, and FTIR spectra. Results showed a very high efficiency for most of the samples for adsorption of MB, and more than 90% removal efficiency was achieved by 8 samples among 33 samples. For MO, more than 90% removal efficiency was achieved by 2 samples among 33 samples. Overall, 26 of 31 samples showed higher MB adsorption capacity than that of MO. RMB was found to depend only on the synthesis temperature while RMO depends on temperature, pH, and reaction time. pHzc was found to be affected by the synthesis pH only while Dh depends on the synthesis pH and precursor concentration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24213884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T11:26:13Z","timestamp":1572261973000},"page":"3884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Experimental Design Modeling of the Effect of Hexagonal Wurtzite\u2014ZnO Synthesis Conditions on Its Characteristics and Performance as a Cationic and Anionic Adsorbent"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0599-9928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mai M.","family":"Khalaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Alahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0110-973X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enshirah","family":"Da\u2019na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Alahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kawther","family":"Al-Amer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Alahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7080-6753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manal","family":"Hessien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Alahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mssp.2016.08.018","article-title":"Novel hybrid self-assembly of an ultralarge ZnO macroflower and defect intensity-induced photocurrent and photocatalytic properties by facile hydrothermal synthesis using CO(NH2)2\u2013N2H4 as alkali sources","volume":"56","author":"Duo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Semicond. 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