{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T15:39:33Z","timestamp":1784561973762,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006595","name":"UEFISCDI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN-II-RU-TE-2014-4-2555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-II-RU-TE-2014-4-2555"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FEDR through Competitiveness Operational Programme 2014 \u2013 2020","award":["UBB-TeMATIC Art P_40_374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UBB-TeMATIC Art P_40_374"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Onychomycosis is a major health problem due to its chronicity and resistance to therapy. Because some cases associate paronychia, any therapy must target the fungus and the inflammation. Medicinal plants represent an alternative for onychomycosis control. In the present work the antifungal and antioxidant activities of Alium sativum extract against Meyerozyma guilliermondii (Wick.) Kurtzman &amp; M. Suzuki and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (A. J\u00f6rg.) F.C. Harrison, isolated for the first time from a toenail onychomycosis case, were investigated. The fungal species were confirmed by DNA molecular analysis. A. sativum minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and ultrastructural effects were examined. At the MIC concentration (120 mg\/mL) the micrographs indicated severe structural alterations with cell death. The antioxidant properties of the A. sativum extract were evaluated is a rat turpentine oil induced inflammation, and compared to an anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac, and the main compound from the extract, allicin. A. sativum reduced serum total oxidative status, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide production, and increased total thiols. The effects were comparable to those of allicin and diclofenac. In conclusion, the garlic extract had antifungal effects against M. guilliermondii and R. mucilaginosa, and antioxidant effect in turpentine-induced inflammation. Together, the antifungal and antioxidant activities support that A. sativum is a potential alternative treatment in onychomycosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24213958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T12:30:50Z","timestamp":1572611450000},"page":"3958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Allium sativum Extract Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity and Antifungal Effect against Meyerozyma guilliermondii and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Causing Onychomycosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5892-9280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"P\u00e2rvu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 42 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u0103t\u0103lin A.","family":"Mo\u0163","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina E.","family":"P\u00e2rvu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Ha\u0163ieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 3 Victor Babe\u015f Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Mircea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 42 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leander","family":"Stoeber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Ha\u0163ieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 3 Victor Babe\u015f Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana","family":"Ro\u015fca-Casian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexandru-Borza Botanical Garden, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 42 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9397-0791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian B.","family":"\u0162igu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 42 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"MEDFUTURE\u2014Research Center for Advanced Medicine, \u201cIuliu-Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"762","article-title":"Onychomycosis: Current trends in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"88","author":"Westerberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2009.12.006","article-title":"Onychomycosis","volume":"28","author":"Welsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Derm."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20153521","article-title":"Onychomycosis due to opportunistic molds","volume":"90","author":"Arenas","year":"2015","journal-title":"An. Bras. Derm."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22805","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22805","article-title":"Antifungal activity, kinetics and molecular mechanism of action of garlic oil against Candida albicans","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Nogueira, M., Istel, F., Jenull, S., Walker, L., Gow, N., and Lion, T. (2017). Quantitative Analysis of Candida Cell Wall Components by Flow Cytometrywith Triple-Fluorescence Staining. J. Microbiol. Mod. Tech."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00865-06","article-title":"Candida guilliermondii, an opportunistic fungal pathogen with decreased susceptibility to fluconazole: Geographic and temporal trends from the ARTEMIS DISK antifungal surveillance program","volume":"44","author":"Pfaller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwarzm\u00fcller, T., Ma, B., Hiller, E., Istel, F., Tscherner, M., Brunke, S., Ames, L., Firon, A., Green, B., and Cabral, V. (2014). Systematic Phenotyping of a Large-Scale Candida glabrata Deletion Collection Reveals Novel Antifungal Tolerance Genes. Plos Pathog.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004211"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Ellis, D., Davis, S., Alexiou, H., Handke, R., and Bartley, R. Descriptions of medical fungi, mycology unit, women\u2019s and children\u2019s hospital Adelaide, Australia, 2007."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.07.007","article-title":"The identification of Meyerozyma guilliermondii from blood cultures and surveillance samples in a university hospital in Northeast Turkey: A ten-year survey","volume":"27","author":"Tosun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2006.05877.x","article-title":"Causative agents of onychomycosis\u2014A retrospective study","volume":"4","author":"Haustein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Derm. Ges"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2009.00534.x","article-title":"Identification, antifungal susceptibility and scanning electron microscopy of a keratinolytic strain of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa: A primary causative agent of onychomycosis","volume":"55","author":"Vermelho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fems. Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12143","article-title":"Rhodotorula minuta as onychomycosis agent in a Chinese patient: First report and literature review","volume":"57","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2003.09.027","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effect of allicin on tissue defense system in galactosamine\/endotoxin challenged rats","volume":"90","author":"Vimal","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2007.07.011","article-title":"Biological properties of onions and garlic","volume":"18","author":"Corzo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2016.09.001","article-title":"Onychomycosis due to Chaetomium globosum with yellowish black discoloration and periungual inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2014.06.009","article-title":"Les paronychies","volume":"43","author":"Duhard","year":"2014","journal-title":"La Presse M\u00e9dicale"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2795","article-title":"The Association Between Low Grade Systemic Inflammation and Skin Diseases: A Cross-sectional Survey in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966","volume":"98","author":"Sinikumpu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balea, \u015e.S., P\u00e2rvu, A.E., Pop, N., Mar\u00edn, F.Z., and P\u00e2rvu, M. (2018). Polyphenolic Compounds, Antioxidant, and Cardioprotective Effects of Pomace Extracts from Feteasc\u0103 Neagr\u0103 Cultivar. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8194721"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreicu\u0163, A.-D., Parvu, A.E., Mo\u021b, A.C., Parvu, M., Fischer-Fodor, E., Feldrihan, V., C\u0103toi, A.F., Cecan, M., and Irimie, A. (2018). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Mahonia aquifolium leaves and bark extracts. Farmacia, 66.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2879793"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1177\/1203475417716362","article-title":"Onychomycosis in the 21st century: An update on diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment","volume":"21","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389","article-title":"Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: A new generation of protein database search programs","volume":"25","author":"Altschul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucl. Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2697(02)00010-6","article-title":"A spectrophotometric assay for allicin, alliin, and alliinase (alliin lyase) with a chromogenic thiol: Reaction of 4-mercaptopyridine with thiosulfinates","volume":"307","author":"Miron","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.09.730","article-title":"Onychomycosis: A proposed revision of the clinical classification","volume":"65","author":"Hay","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18010114","article-title":"Chemical constituents of three Allium species from Romania","volume":"18","author":"Vlase","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-011-0236-2","article-title":"Changes in phenolic compounds in garlic (Allium sativum L.) owing to the cultivar and location of growth","volume":"66","author":"Beato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1515\/acph-2016-0038","article-title":"TLC determination of flavonoids from different cultivars of Allium cepa and Allium ascalonicum","volume":"66","author":"Sznitowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Pharm."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.05.067","article-title":"Activity of phenolic compounds from plant origin against Candida species","volume":"74","author":"Martins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10298-015-0975-6","article-title":"\u00c9tude de l\u2019activit\u00e9 des extraits de feuilles de Punica granatum Linn sur Candida albicans et Rhodotorula spp.","volume":"14","author":"Kanoun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytoth\u00e9rapie"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, T., Celano, R., Pane, C., Piccinelli, A.L., Sansone, F., Picerno, P., Zaccardelli, M., Aquino, R.P., and Mencherini, T. (2019). Chestnut (Castanea sativa Miller.) Burs Extracts and Functional Compounds: UHPLC-UV-HRMS Profiling, Antioxidant Activity, and Inhibitory Effects on Phytopathogenic Fungi. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24020302"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1179\/135100009X12525712409814","article-title":"Redox reactivity in propolis: Direct detection of free radicals in basic medium and interaction with hemoglobin","volume":"14","author":"Damian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11600-7","article-title":"Reversible naftifine-induced carotenoid depigmentation in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (A. J\u00f6rg.) FC Harrison causing onychomycosis","volume":"7","author":"Dina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"315","article-title":"Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics","volume":"Volume 18","author":"White","year":"1990","journal-title":"PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-150-39089","article-title":"The Effect of Dexamethasone on Urinary Acidification","volume":"150","author":"Perez","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of the nutraceutical garlic derivative allicin in the progression of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"19","author":"Reyes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"309","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of Allium schoenoprasum L. leaves","volume":"65","author":"Mot","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"32","article-title":"Advanced oxidation protein products, total thiol levels and total oxidant\/antioxidant status in patients with nash","volume":"25","year":"2014","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/24\/21\/3958\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:30:59Z","timestamp":1760189459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/24\/21\/3958"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules24213958"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules24213958","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]}}}