{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:13:59Z","timestamp":1790957639519,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Agent\u00fara na Podporu V\u00fdskumu a V\u00fdvoja","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APVV-15-0544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-15-0544"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006108","name":"Kult\u00farna a Edukacn\u00e1 Grantov\u00e1 Agent\u00fara M\u0160VVa\u0160 SR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KEGA 009SPU-4\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KEGA 009SPU-4\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Male subfertility is a global issue in human reproduction as well as in animal reproduction. Bacterial infection and semen contamination are still widely overlooked. As the collection of ejaculates is not a sterile process, it is necessary to add antimicrobial agents to avoid a possible depreciation of semen samples. As traditionally used antibiotics have been questioned because of an ever-increasing bacterial resistance, natural bioactive molecules could offer an alternative because of their antibacterial and antioxidant properties. As such, we decided to compare the effects of selected natural biomolecules (resveratrol-RES, quercetin-QUE and curcumin-CUR) with routinely used antibiotics in animal biotechnologies (penicillin-PEN, gentamicin-GEN and kanamycin-KAN) on the rabbit sperm vitality in the presence of Enterococcus faecalis. Changes in the sperm structural integrity and functional activity were monitored at 0, 2, 4 and 6 h. Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) was used for the assessment of spermatozoa motility. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated using chemiluminiscence, while the mitochondrial membrane potential (\u0394\u03a8m) was examined using the JC-1 dye. Finally, the sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test was used to assess DNA fragmentation, and changes to the membrane integrity were evaluated with the help of annexin V\/propidium iodide. The motility assessment revealed a significant sperm motility preservation following treatment with GEN (p &lt; 0.001), followed by PEN and CUR (p &lt; 0.01). QUE was the most capable substance to scavenge excessive ROS (p &lt; 0.001) and to maintain \u0394\u03a8m (p &lt; 0.01). The SCD assay revealed that the presence of bacteria and antibiotics significantly (p &lt; 0.05) increased the DNA fragmentation. On the other hand, all bioactive compounds readily preserved the DNA integrity (p &lt; 0.05). In contrast to the antibiotics, the natural biomolecules significantly maintained the sperm membrane integrity (p &lt; 0.05). The microbiological analysis showed that GEN (p &lt; 0.001), KAN (p &lt; 0.001), PEN (p &lt; 0.01) and CUR (p &lt; 0.01) exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity against E. faecalis. In conclusion, all selected biomolecules provided protection to rabbit spermatozoa against deleterious changes to their structure and function as a result of Enterococcus faecalis contamination. Therefore, administration of RES, QUE and\/or CUR to rabbit semen extenders in combination with a carefully selected antibacterial substance may be desirable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24234329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T03:55:51Z","timestamp":1574826951000},"page":"4329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Antibiotics Versus Natural Biomolecules: The Case of In Vitro Induced Bacteriospermia by Enterococcus Faecalis in Rabbit Semen"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2907-5909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Duracka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Lukac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4460-0222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslava","family":"Kacaniova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fruit Growing, Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Bioenergy and Food Technology, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza St. 4, 35601 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"Kantor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology and Quality of Plant Products, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8244-6548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Hleba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lubomir","family":"Ondruska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Small Farm Animals, Research Institute for Animal Production, Hlohoveck\u00e1 2, 951 41 Lu\u017eianky, Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2895-1249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Tvrda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-008-9283-5","article-title":"The presence of bacteria species in semen and sperm quality","volume":"26","author":"Moretti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.08.025","article-title":"Seminal leukocytes and clinical outcomes with donor sperm insemination","volume":"96","author":"Pont","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilvanathan, V., Kandasamy, B., Jayachandran, A.L., Sathiyanarayanan, S., Singaravelu, V.T., Krishnamurthy, V., and Elangovan, V. (2016). Bacteriospermia and its impact on basic semen parameters among infertile men. Interdiscip. 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