{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T04:58:42Z","timestamp":1784177922412,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002457","name":"Chosun University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002457","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Forensic Service (NFS) Research and Development (R&amp;D)","award":["2019-Forensic Chemistry-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-Forensic Chemistry-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methanol is metabolized in the body to highly toxic formaldehyde and formate when consumed accidentally. Methanol has been typically analyzed with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). However, its retention time may overlap with other volatile compounds and lead to confusion. Alternative analysis of methanol using gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry (GC\/MS) also has limitations due to its similar molecular weight with oxygen and low boiling point. In this study, methanol and internal standard of deuterium-substituted ethanol were derivatized with 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran under acid catalysis using concentrated hydrochloric acid. The reaction products including 2-methoxytetrahydropyran were extracted with solid-phase microextraction followed by GC\/MS analysis. This method was successfully applied to measure the lethal concentration of methanol in the blood of a victim with a standard addition method to overcome the complex matrix effect of the biospecimen. Identification of the metabolite formate by ion chromatography confirmed the death cause to be methanol poisoning. This new method was a much more convenient and reliable process to measure methanol in complex matrix samples by reducing sample pretreatment effort and cost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25010041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T03:23:12Z","timestamp":1577071392000},"page":"41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["SPME-GC\/MS Analysis of Methanol in Biospecimen by Derivatization with Pyran Compound"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Joon-Bae","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Daejeon Institute, National Forensic Service, Daejeon 34054, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong Ae","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daejeon Institute, National Forensic Service, Daejeon 34054, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dae Jun","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gwangju Institute, National Forensic Service, Jeonnam 57248, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5284-9709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iel Soo","family":"Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chosun University School of Dentistry, Gwangju 61452, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(91)90504-5","article-title":"The toxicity of methanol","volume":"48","author":"Tephly","year":"1991","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"429","article-title":"Methanol poisoning: Role of formate metabolism in the monkey","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Thurman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Alcohol and Aldehyde Metabolizing Systems"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"8","article-title":"Influence of food commodities on hangover based on alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase activities","volume":"1","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2017-0079","article-title":"FASD: Folic acid and formic acid - an unholy alliance in the alcohol abusing mother","volume":"96","author":"Kapur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Baselt, R.C. (2017). Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, Biomedical Publications. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)80424-X","article-title":"Methanol inhalation toxicity","volume":"22","author":"Frenia","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01623.x","article-title":"Methyl alcohol poisoning in Trabzon (Turkey)","volume":"56","author":"Karadeniz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200102083440605","article-title":"Fomepizole for the Treatment of Methanol Poisoning","volume":"344","author":"Jeffrey","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1391","article-title":"Treatment of methanol poisoning with ethanol and hemodialysis","volume":"126","author":"Pappas","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"233","article-title":"Interrelations in Ethanol and Methanol metabolism","volume":"134","author":"Smith","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkv075","article-title":"Simultaneous Determination of Methanol, Ethanol and Formic Acid in Serum and Urine by Headspace GC-FID","volume":"39","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"292","article-title":"Simultaneous Headspace-GC\u2013FID Analysis for Methanol and Ethanol in Blood, Saliva and Urine: Validation of Method and Comparison of Specimens","volume":"24","author":"Kaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"LC GC Eur."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"9","article-title":"GC-MS analysis of methanol extracts of Vernonia cinerea","volume":"2","author":"Abirami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Euro. J. Exp. Bio."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.01.029","article-title":"GC\u2013MS libraries for the rapid identification of metabolites in complex biological samples","volume":"579","author":"Schauer","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1081\/SS-100103620","article-title":"Liquid\/Liquid Extraction of Metal Ions in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids","volume":"36","author":"Visser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02269916","article-title":"A review of solid phase extraction: Basic principles and new developments","volume":"40","author":"Berrueta","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2008.09.043","article-title":"Comparison of MTBSTFA and BSTFA in derivatization reactions of polar compounds prior to GC\/MS analysis","volume":"77","author":"Schummer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2006.05.005","article-title":"Recent developments in SPME for on-site analysis and monitoring","volume":"25","author":"Ouyang","year":"2008","journal-title":"TrAC Trend Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbbm.2006.08.012","article-title":"Developments in multiple headspace extraction","volume":"70","author":"Hakkarainen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Biophys. Method."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/24.4.275","article-title":"Chemical Derivatization and the Selection of Deuterated Internal Standard for Quantitative Determination\u2014Methamphetamine Example","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(99)00158-9","article-title":"Use of headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) in hair analysis for organic compounds","volume":"107","author":"Sporkert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02490880","article-title":"Solid phase microextraction of volatile organic compounds using carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane fibers","volume":"46","author":"Popp","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chromatographia"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/1\/41\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:44:22Z","timestamp":1760190262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/1\/41"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25010041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25010041","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]]}}}