{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T18:45:07Z","timestamp":1789584307225,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]],"date-time":"2020-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Amici di Casa Insieme","award":["n.a."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n.a."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myelin is the main component of the white matter of the central nervous system (CNS), allowing the proper electrical function of the neurons by ensheathing and insulating the axons. The extensive use of magnetic resonance imaging has highlighted the white matter alterations in Alzheimer\u2019s dementia (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases, alterations which are early, extended, and regionally selective. Given that the white matter turnover is considerable in the adulthood, and that myelin repair is currently recognized as being the only true reparative capability of the mature CNS, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), the cells that differentiate in oligodendrocyte, responsible for myelin formation and repair, are regarded as a potential target for neuroprotection. In this review, several aspects of the OPC biology are reviewed. The histology and functional role of OPCs in the neurovascular-neuroglial unit as described in preclinical and clinical studies on AD is discussed, such as the OPC vulnerability to hypoxia-ischemia, neuroinflammation, and amyloid deposition. Finally, the position of OPCs in drug discovery strategies for dementia is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T11:41:57Z","timestamp":1580125317000},"page":"503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["White Matter and Neuroprotection in Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Lorenzini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research in Life Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1020-4261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vito Antonio","family":"Baldassarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione IRET, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7584-1934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Bighinati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9345-4578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Giuliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Calz\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research in Life Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Giardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research in Life Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200212030-00040","article-title":"Brain size and grey matter volume in the healthy human brain","volume":"13","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2228-8","article-title":"Oligodendroglial membrane dynamics in relation to myelin biogenesis","volume":"73","author":"Ozgen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.10.018","article-title":"White matter plasticity in adulthood","volume":"276","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.05.005","article-title":"Seeing Is Believing: Myelin Dynamics in the Adult CNS","volume":"98","author":"Swire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9636-7_4","article-title":"Activity-Dependent Myelination","volume":"1190","author":"Kato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5621","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.090504197","article-title":"A universal scaling law between gray matter and white matter of cerebral cortex","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00221.2016","article-title":"White matter and cognition: Making the connection","volume":"116","author":"Filley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.09.013","article-title":"Myelin dynamics: protecting and shaping neuronal functions","volume":"47","author":"Saab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00467","article-title":"The Axon-Myelin Unit in Development and Degenerative Disease","volume":"12","author":"Stassart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a020479","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020479","article-title":"Oligodendrocytes: Myelination and axonal support","volume":"8","author":"Simons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2018","article-title":"Myelin in the central nervous system: Structure, function, and pathology","volume":"99","author":"Stadelmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2013.05.004","article-title":"Remyelination: The true regeneration of the central nervous system","volume":"149","author":"Crawford","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2009.12.006","article-title":"NG2 cells: Properties, progeny and origin","volume":"63","author":"Trotter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3390","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte progenitors balance growth with self-repulsion to achieve homeostasis in the adult brain","volume":"16","author":"Hughes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verkhratsky, A., Ho, M., Zorec, R., and Parpura, V. (2019). Physiology of Oligodendroglia. Neuroglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9913-8"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/361258a0","article-title":"Proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells depends on electrical activity in axons","volume":"361","author":"Barres","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/35012083","article-title":"Glutamatergic synapses on oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the hippocampus","volume":"405","author":"Bergles","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3282fd1875","article-title":"Myelin repair strategies: A cellular view","volume":"21","author":"Gallo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22664","article-title":"NG2 cells (polydendrocytes): Listeners to the neural network with diverse properties","volume":"62","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410383696","article-title":"Imaging learning: The search for a memory trace","volume":"17","author":"Fields","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.11.006","article-title":"Aging of cerebral white matter","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.042","article-title":"Age- and sex-related effects on the neuroanatomy of healthy elderly","volume":"26","author":"Crivello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1159\/000087930","article-title":"Cognitive Correlates of Cerebral White Matter Lesions and Water Diffusion Tensor Parameters in Community-Dwelling Older People","volume":"20","author":"Shenkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10714","article-title":"Marked loss of myelinated nerve fibers in the human brain with age","volume":"462","author":"Marner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2010.01.007","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of oligodendrocyte identity","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx355","article-title":"Fibre-specific white matter reductions in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"141","author":"Mito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170573","article-title":"White Matter Hyperintensities and Cognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Domain-Specific Meta-Analysis","volume":"63","author":"Geerlings","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.3232","article-title":"Association of Amyloid Pathology With Myelin Alteration in Preclinical Alzheimer Disease","volume":"74","author":"Dean","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0515-3","article-title":"White matter changes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a focus on myelin and oligodendrocytes","volume":"6","author":"Nasrabady","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Preedy, V.R., and Martin, C.R. (2020). Brain susceptibility to hypoxia\/hypoxiemia and metabolic dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Insights from animal and in vitro models. The Neuroscience of Dementia: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet, Elsevier Inc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-101839","article-title":"The \u03b3-secretase modulator CHF5074 restores memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in plaque-free Tg2576 mice","volume":"24","author":"Balducci","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nly125","article-title":"Age-related changes of the neurovascular unit in the cerebral cortex of Alzheimer disease mouse models: A neuroanatomical and molecular study","volume":"78","author":"Giuliani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"671","article-title":"Vulnerability of primary neurons derived from Tg2576 Alzheimer mice to oxygen and glucose deprivation: Role of intraneuronal amyloid-\u03b2 accumulation and astrocytes","volume":"10","author":"Baldassarro","year":"2017","journal-title":"DMM Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12136","article-title":"CHF5074 restores visual memory ability and pre-synaptic cortical acetylcholine release in pre-plaque Tg2576 mice","volume":"124","author":"Giuliani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.01.065","article-title":"CHF5074 and LY450139 sub-acute treatments differently affect cortical extracellular glutamate levels in pre-plaque Tg2576 mice","volume":"266","author":"Beggiato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22432","article-title":"Dynamic changes in myelin aberrations and oligodendrocyte generation in chronic amyloidosis in mice and men","volume":"61","author":"Behrendt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2007.00828.x","article-title":"White matter lesions in an unselected cohort of the elderly: Astrocytic, microglial and oligodendrocyte precursor cell responses","volume":"33","author":"Simpson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.100087","article-title":"Early oligodendrocyte\/myelin pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease mice constitutes a novel therapeutic target","volume":"177","author":"Desai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-142013","article-title":"Myelin basic protein associates with A\u03b2PP, A\u03b21-42, and Amyloid plaques in cortex of Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain","volume":"44","author":"Zhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150309","article-title":"Can antibodies against glial derived antigens be early biomarkers of hippocampal demyelination and memory loss in Alzheimer\u2019s disease?","volume":"48","author":"Krupski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.04.026","article-title":"Contribution of the oligodendrocyte lineage to CNS repair and neurodegenerative pathologies","volume":"110","author":"Tognatta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666151204000636","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte Development and Myelination in Neurodevelopment: Molecular Mechanisms in Health and Disease","volume":"22","author":"Barateiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0601-5","article-title":"Oligodendrocytes: Biology and pathology","volume":"119","author":"Bradl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11314","article-title":"Oligodendroglia metabolically support axons and contribute to neurodegeneration","volume":"487","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldassarro, V.A., Marchesini, A., Giardino, L., and Calz\u00e0, L. (2019). Differential effects of glucose deprivation on the survival of fetal versus adult neural stem cells-derived oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Glia.","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23750"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2016.11.008","article-title":"Cell death in pure-neuronal and neuron-astrocyte mixed primary culture subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation: The contribution of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases and caspases","volume":"136","author":"Baldassarro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4528","article-title":"Regulatory T cells promote myelin regeneration in the central nervous system","volume":"20","author":"Dombrowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3469","article-title":"M2 microglia and macrophages drive oligodendrocyte differentiation during CNS remyelination","volume":"16","author":"Miron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20371","article-title":"Inflammation stimulates myelination by transplanted oligodendrocyte precursor cells","volume":"54","author":"Setzu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaeffer, J., Cossetti, C., Mallucci, G., and Pluchino, S. (2015). Multiple Sclerosis. Neurobiology of Brain Disorders: Biological Basis of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-398270-4.00030-6"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx008","article-title":"Adaptive human immunity drives remyelination in a mouse model of demyelination","volume":"140","author":"Sanson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0240-y","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in multiple sclerosis\u2014Seeing what was always there","volume":"15","author":"Matthews","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23025","article-title":"Inflammation severely alters thyroid hormone signaling in the central nervous system during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rat: Direct impact on OPCs differentiation failure","volume":"64","author":"Baldassarro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6568","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0013-1","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Oligodendrocytes: From Extracellular Transport to Intracellular Signal","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23923","article-title":"Neuroprotection by central nervous system remyelination: Molecular, cellular, and functional considerations","volume":"94","author":"Verden","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22722","article-title":"White matter injury: Ischemic and nonischemic","volume":"62","author":"Fern","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.06.008","article-title":"Pharmacological approaches to intervention in hypomyelinating and demyelinating white matter pathology","volume":"110","author":"Chew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22900","article-title":"Characterization of glucose-related metabolic pathways in differentiated rat oligodendrocyte lineage cells","volume":"64","author":"Amaral","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200307017","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2 peptide induces oligodendrocyte death by activating the neutral sphingomyelinase-ceramide pathway","volume":"164","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1770","article-title":"Demyelination Takes Place Prior To Neuronal Damage Following Intracerebroventricular Injection of Amyloid-Beta Oligomer","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-97602005000400011","article-title":"Oligodendrocytes damage in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Beta amyloid toxicity and inflammation","volume":"38","author":"Roth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1636-8","article-title":"A\u03b2 oligomers promote oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation via integrin \u03b21 and Fyn kinase signaling","volume":"10","author":"Valero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1385\/NMM:3:1:53","article-title":"Presenilin-1 mutation sensitizes oligodendrocytes to glutamate and amyloid toxicities, and exacerbates white matter damage and memory impairment in mice","volume":"3","author":"Pak","year":"2003","journal-title":"NeuroMolecular Med."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"43","article-title":"Glial tau pathology in tauopathies: Functional consequences","volume":"9","author":"Kahlson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22940","article-title":"Neuronal expression of pathological tau accelerates oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation","volume":"64","author":"Ossola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00770","article-title":"Editorial: Brain Hypoxia and Ischemia: New Insights Into Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection","volume":"13","author":"Nalivaeva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1","article-title":"Plasticity in the Neonatal Brain following Hypoxic-Ischaemic Injury","volume":"2016","author":"Hristova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14775","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2060-12.2012","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte Regeneration after Neonatal Hypoxia Requires FoxO1-Mediated p27Kip1 Expression","volume":"32","author":"Jablonska","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-02-00455.2002","article-title":"Selective Vulnerability of Late Oligodendrocyte Progenitors to Hypoxia-Ischemia","volume":"22","author":"Back","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2019.101443","article-title":"The role of nuclear receptors in the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells derived from fetal and adult neural stem cells","volume":"37","author":"Baldassarro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.11.010","article-title":"DNA damage-associated oligodendrocyte degeneration precedes amyloid pathology and contributes to Alzheimer\u2019s disease and dementia","volume":"14","author":"Tse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000053472.41007.F9","article-title":"Oligodendrocytes and Ischemic Brain Injury","volume":"23","author":"Dewar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6491","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1898-17.2018","article-title":"Oligodendroglia are particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage after neurotrauma in vivo","volume":"38","author":"Giacci","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3410\/B2-57","article-title":"Why do oligodendrocyte lineage cells express glutamate receptors?","volume":"2","author":"Kolodziejczyk","year":"2010","journal-title":"F1000 Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-12-04237.2001","article-title":"Ampa\/kainate receptor activation mediates hypoxic oligodendrocyte death and axonal injury in cerebral white matter","volume":"21","author":"Goldberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.03861.x","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte excitotoxicity determined by local glutamate accumulation and mitochondrial function","volume":"98","author":"Deng","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf6463","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in the mouse juvenile and adult central nervous system","volume":"352","author":"Marques","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1934","article-title":"Cell types in the mouse cortex and hippocampus revealed by single-cell RNA-seq","volume":"347","author":"Zeisel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.200","article-title":"Neuroprotection and repair in multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Franklin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruchot, J., Weyers, V., G\u00f6ttle, P., F\u00f6rster, M., Hartung, H.-P., K\u00fcry, P., and Kremer, D. (2019). The Molecular Basis for Remyelination Failure in Multiple Sclerosis. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080825"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-050715-104400","article-title":"Mechanisms and Medicines for Remyelination","volume":"68","author":"Bothwell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23166","article-title":"Drug discovery for remyelination and treatment of MS","volume":"65","author":"Cole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skaper, S.D. (2019). Oligodendrocyte precursor cells as a therapeutic target for demyelinating diseases. Progress in Brain Research, Elsevier B.V.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2019.03.013"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2702","article-title":"Retinoid X receptor gamma signaling accelerates CNS remyelination","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lariosa-Willingham, K.D., Rosler, E.S., Tung, J.S., Dugas, J.C., Collins, T.L., and Leonoudakis, D. (2016). A high throughput drug screening assay to identify compounds that promote oligodendrocyte differentiation using acutely dissociated and purified oligodendrocyte precursor cells. BMC Res. Notes, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-2220-2"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0577-0","article-title":"Remyelinating Pharmacotherapies in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Bove","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp337","article-title":"Inhibiting poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: A potential therapy against oligodendrocyte death","volume":"133","author":"Veto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2017.05.011","article-title":"PARP activity and inhibition in fetal and adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells: Effect on cell survival and differentiation","volume":"22","author":"Baldassarro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.10.029","article-title":"CHF5074 (CSP-1103) induces microglia alternative activation in plaque-free Tg2576 mice and primary glial cultures exposed to beta-amyloid","volume":"302","author":"Porrini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.2174\/13892037113149990144","article-title":"CHF5074 Reduces Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A 12-Week, Double-Blind, Placebo- Controlled Study","volume":"10","author":"Ross","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5284.99","article-title":"Correlative memory deficits, A\u03b2 elevation, and amyloid plaques in transgenic mice","volume":"274","author":"Hsiao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/3\/503\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:08:27Z","timestamp":1760364507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/3\/503"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25030503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25030503","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]]}}}