{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T07:42:06Z","timestamp":1790494926315,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMO-2018\/29\/N\/ST10\/01320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2018\/29\/N\/ST10\/01320"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection of Poland","award":["programme \u201cMonitoring of the chemical properties of arable soils in Poland in years 2015-2017\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["programme \u201cMonitoring of the chemical properties of arable soils in Poland in years 2015-2017\u201d"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pesticides belong to a group of xenobiotics harmful to humans and wildlife, whose fate and activity depends on their susceptibility to degradation. Therefore, the monitoring of their residue level in agricultural soils is very important because it provides very valuable information on the actual level of soil contamination and environmental risk resulting from their application. The aim of this study was to evaluate contemporary concentrations of organochlorine (OCPs) and non-chlorinated pesticides (NCPs) in arable soils of Poland as an example of Central and Eastern European countries. The results were assessed in relation to Polish regulations, which are more restrictive compared to those of other European countries. The sampling area covered the territory of arable lands in Poland (216 sampling points). The distribution of sampling points aimed to reflect different geographical districts, conditions of agricultural production, and various soil properties. The collected soil samples were extracted with organic solvents in an accelerated solvent extractor (ASE 2000). The OCPs, including \u03b1-HCH, \u03b2-HCH, \u03b3-HCH, and p,p\u2019DDT, p,p\u2019DDE, and p,p\u2019DDD, were extracted with a hexane\/acetone mixture (70:30 v\/v) and determined by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-\u03bcECD). NCPs included atrazine, carbaryl, and carbofuran were extracted with a dichloromethane\/acetone mixture (50:50 v\/v), while maneb was extracted by intensive shaking the sample with acetone (1:1 v\/v) and ethylenediamine-tertraacetic acid. The NCPs were identified by a dual mass- spectrometry (GC-MS\/MS). The total content of individual OCPs ranged from 0.61 to 1031.64 \u00b5g kg\u22121, while the NCP concentrations were significantly lower, from 0.01 to 43.92 \u00b5g kg\u22121. DDTs were detected in all soils samples (p,p\u2019DDD (23.60 \u00b5g kg\u22121) &gt; p,p\u2019DDT (18.23 \u00b5g kg\u22121) &gt; p,p\u2019DDE (4.06 \u00b5g kg\u22121), while HCHs were only in 4% of the analyzed samples (\u03b2-HCH (339.55 \u00b5g kg\u22121) &gt; \u03b1-HCH (96.96 \u00b5g kg\u22121) &gt; \u03b3-HCH (3.04 \u00b5g kg\u22121)), but in higher values than DDTs. Among NCPs, higher concentration was observed for carbaryl (&lt;0.01\u201328.07 \u00b5g kg\u22121) and atrazine (&lt;0.01\u201315.85 \u00b5g kg\u22121), while the lower for carbofuran (&lt;0.01\u20130.54 \u00b5g kg\u22121). Maneb was not detected in analyzed soils. Assessment of the level of soil pollution based on Polish regulations indicated that several percentages of the samples exceeded the criterion for OCPs, such as \u22113DDTs (14 samples; 6.5% of soils) and HCH congeners (\u03b1-HCH in one sample; 0.5% of soils), while NCP concentration, such as for atrazine, carbaryl and carbofuran were below the permissible levels or were not detected in the analyzed soils, e.g., maneb. The obtained results indicated that residues of the analyzed pesticides originate from historical agricultural deposition and potentially do not pose a direct threat to human and animal health. The behavior and persistence of pesticides in the soils depend on their properties. Significantly lower NCP concentration in the soils resulted from their lower hydrophobicity and higher susceptibility to leaching into the soil profile. OCPs are characterized by a high half-life time, which affect their significantly higher persistence in soils resulting from affinity to the soil organic phase.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T10:51:07Z","timestamp":1580295067000},"page":"587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Assessment of Pesticide Residue Content in Polish Agricultural Soils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9253-2383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Ukalska-Jaruga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science Erosion and Land Protection, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation\u2014State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo\u017cena","family":"Smreczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science Erosion and Land Protection, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation\u2014State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Siebielec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science Erosion and Land Protection, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation\u2014State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"96","article-title":"The Importance of Agriculture in the Polish National Economy: Macroeconomic and Regional Analysis. 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