{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T23:25:50Z","timestamp":1791761150628,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAT-2015-65274-R\/FEDER, RTI2018-097195-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT-2015-65274-R\/FEDER, RTI2018-097195-B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"M-ERA.net","award":["PCIN-2017-106 ; project 272806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIN-2017-106 ; project 272806"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, layered hybrid composites formed by tin oxide (SnO) nanoparticles synthesized by hydrolysis and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) have been analyzed. Prior to the composite study, both SnO and PEDOT:PSS counterparts were characterized by diverse techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photoluminescence (PL), atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical absorption and Hall effect measurements. Special attention was given to the study of the stability of the polymer under laser illumination, as well as the analysis of the SnO to SnO2 oxidation assisted by laser irradiation, for which different laser sources and neutral filters were employed. Synergetic effects were observed in the hybrid composite, as the addition of SnO nanoparticles improves the stability and electrical conductivity of the polymer, while the polymeric matrix in which the nanoparticles are embedded hinders formation of SnO2. Finally, the Si passivation behavior of the hybrid composites was studied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T11:50:28Z","timestamp":1581076228000},"page":"695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Synergetic Improvement of Stability and Conductivity of Hybrid Composites formed by PEDOT:PSS and SnO Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3278-122X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"V\u00e1zquez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica de Materiales, Facultad de CC. F\u00edsicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anisa","family":"Yaseen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Solar Energy, Institute for Energy Technology, 2027 Kjeller, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Maestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica de Materiales, Facultad de CC. F\u00edsicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5303-1079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Castellanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Inorg\u00e1nica, Facultad de CC. Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik S.","family":"Marstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Solar Energy, Institute for Energy Technology, 2027 Kjeller, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6504-2517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Smagul Zh.","family":"Karazhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Solar Energy, Institute for Energy Technology, 2027 Kjeller, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Cremades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica de Materiales, Facultad de CC. F\u00edsicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2016.e00112","article-title":"Thermal behaviour of romarchite phase SnO in different atmospheres: A hypothesis about the phase transformation","volume":"2","author":"Campo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-5442(03)00185-3","article-title":"Theoretical investigation of the system SnOx\/Sn for the thermochemical storage of solar energy","volume":"29","author":"Forster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"265","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization of Tin Oxide ( SnO ) Nanoparticles via Autoclave synthesis protocol for H2 sensing","volume":"11","author":"Prasad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanotechnol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125915","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab6384","article-title":"First principle calculations of structural, electronic, optical and thermoelectric properties of tin ( II ) oxide","volume":"6","author":"Solola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4495","DOI":"10.1021\/jp110694k","article-title":"Fabrication of barbed-shaped SnO@SnO2 core\/shell nanowires","volume":"115","author":"Jagminas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA09965K","article-title":"Enhanced gas selectivity induced by surface active oxygen in SnO\/SnO2 heterojunction structures at different temperatures","volume":"9","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.06.193","article-title":"SnO@amorphous TiO2core-shell composite for advanced lithium storage","volume":"45","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.201700396","article-title":"Hybrid van der Waals SnO\/MoS2 Heterojunctions for Thermal and Optical Sensing Applications","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-018-0959-8","article-title":"Facile Fabrication of SnO\/Nano-graphite Composite Microspheres with Excellent Visible Photocatalytic Performance","volume":"29","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.03.042","article-title":"Organic\/inorganic hybrid sensors: A review","volume":"182","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, L., Song, J., Yin, X., Su, Z., and Li, Z. (2020). Research Progress on Polymer Solar Cells Based on PEDOT:PSS Electrodes. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12010145"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035401","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aa9c9e","article-title":"Silicon surface passivation by PEDOT: PSS functionalized by SnO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles","volume":"29","author":"Karazhanov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503002","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ab3f64","article-title":"Recent progress in Si-PEDOT:PSS inorganic-organic hybrid solar cells","volume":"52","author":"Khang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800769","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.201800769","article-title":"Review Thermoelectric Properties of PEDOT:PSS","volume":"5","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.6b01986","article-title":"Evaluation and Stability of PEDOT Polymer Electrodes for Li\u2212O2 Batteries","volume":"7","author":"Amanchukwu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57559","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA08158K","article-title":"A room temperature volatile organic compound sensor with enhanced performance, fast response and recovery based on N-doped graphene quantum dots and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) nanocomposite","volume":"5","author":"Gavgani","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, J., Si, H., Zhang, X., and Lin, S. (2019). Functional sensing interfaces of PEDOT:PSS organic electrochemical transistors for chemical and biological sensors: A mini review. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020218"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"5122","article-title":"Study on the effect of DMSO on the changes in the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS","volume":"45","author":"Dhar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Funct. Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.201500017","article-title":"Effective Approaches to Improve the Electrical Conductivity of PEDOT:PSS: A Review","volume":"1","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2011.12.104","article-title":"Optimization of TiO2 nanoparticle mixed PEDOT\u2013PSS counter electrodes for high efficiency dye sensitized solar cell","volume":"358","author":"Maiaugree","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Non. Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-018-2652-z","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and electrical behaviors of PEDOT:PSS-Au\/Ag nanocomposite thin films: An ecofriendly approach","volume":"76","author":"Bhowal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12133","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR02334C","article-title":"Fabrication of SnO2-SnO nanocomposites with p-n heterojunctions for the low-temperature sensing of NO2 gas","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2009.04.064","article-title":"Kinetic investigation of hydrogen generation from hydrolysis of SnO and Zn solar nanopowders","volume":"34","author":"Chambon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.4214","article-title":"In situ Raman spectroscopic observation of sequential hydrolysis of stannous chloride to abhurite, hydroromarchite, and romarchite","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2012.07.010","article-title":"Structural and electrochemical properties of SnO nanoflowers as an anode material for lithium ion batteries","volume":"67","author":"Iqbal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11965","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b01736","article-title":"Laser-induced anatase-to-rutile transition in TiO2 nanoparticles: Promotion and inhibition effects by fe and al doping and achievement of micropatterning","volume":"119","author":"Maestre","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.200881792","article-title":"Tin monoxide as an s-orbital-based p-type oxide semiconductor: Electronic structures and TFT application","volume":"206","author":"Ogo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2017.10.080","article-title":"Properties of transparent conducting tin monoxide(SnO) thin films prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis method","volume":"528","author":"Eqbal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. B Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ce42188k","article-title":"The controlled transition-metal doping of SnO2 nanoparticles with tunable luminescence","volume":"16","author":"Maestre","year":"2014","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6299","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA09324A","article-title":"Controlled synthesis of lithium doped tin dioxide nanoparticles by a polymeric precursor method and analysis of the resulting defect structure","volume":"6","author":"Cremades","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2011.3173","article-title":"Efficient TCO-free organic solar cells with modified poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene): Poly(styrenesulfonate) anodes","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8307","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TC01531F","article-title":"Photoluminescence of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)\/poly(styrenesulfonate) in the visible region","volume":"3","author":"Koyama","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6441","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24632-4","article-title":"PEDOT:PSS\/graphene quantum dots films with enhanced thermoelectric properties via strong interfacial interaction and phase separation","volume":"8","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2015.01.020","article-title":"Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on the electrical properties of PEDOT:PSS\/n-Si heterojunction diodes","volume":"15","author":"Pathak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.1545","article-title":"Studies of dopant effects in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) using Raman spectroscopy","volume":"37","author":"Chiu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46779","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46779","article-title":"Corrigendum: Functional solid additive modified PEDOT:PSS as an anode buffer layer for enhanced photovoltaic performance and stability in polymer solar cells","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Ossila PEDOT:PSS PH1000. Available online: https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/products\/pedot-pss?variant=30366225268832."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2927538","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of SnO nanoplatelets by microwave innovative technique","volume":"1004","author":"Krishnakumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25161","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CP03952A","article-title":"Electrical conductivity of activated carbon-metal oxide nanocomposites under compression: A comparison study","volume":"16","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagata, R., Yanagi, Y., Fujii, S., Kataura, H., and Nishioka, Y. (2014, January 2\u20134). Application of highly conductive DMSO-treated PEDOT:PSS electrodes to flexible organic solar cells. Proceedings of the 21st International Workshop on Active-Matrix Flatpanel Displays and Devices (AM-FPD), Kyoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/AM-FPD.2014.6867202"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29525","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.6b12043","article-title":"Roles of Nonionic Surfactant Additives in PEDOT:PSS Thin Films","volume":"120","author":"Yoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/3\/695\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:55:19Z","timestamp":1760172919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/3\/695"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25030695"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25030695","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]}}}