{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:48:05Z","timestamp":1792007285883,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Essential oils (EOs) are some of the outstanding compounds found in Thymus that can exert antifungal, phytotoxic, and insecticidal activities, which encourage their exploration and potential use for agricultural and food purposes. The essential oils (EO) obtained from Thymus kotschyanus collected in the East Azerbaijan Province (Iran) were characterized using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Thymol was the most important compound (60.48%), although 35 other active compounds were identified in the EO. Significant amounts of carvacrol (3.08%), p-cymene (5.56%), and \u03b3-terpinene (6.67%) were found in the EO. The T. kotschyanus EO was tested against important phytopathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium expansum). The antifungal assay showed that the use of \u2265500 ppm of EO resulted in a fungicidal effect against all funguses tested. In a similar way, the use of \u2265500 ppm of EO inhibited the germination of all crop weed seeds (Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Panicum miliaceum L.) and their subsequent growth, which demonstrated its herbicidal effect. Finally, the insecticidal capacity of T. kotschyanus EO was also observed against selected insects (Oryzaephilus surinamensis and Sitophilus oryzae). O. surinamensis was more susceptible to the effect of EO (LC50 = 4.78 \u00b5L\/L air) than S. oryzae (LC50 = 13.20 \u00b5L\/L air). The obtained results of the present study can provide new safe resources to the development of new products for the food, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25051152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T10:46:08Z","timestamp":1583318768000},"page":"1152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Composition, Antifungal, Phytotoxic, and Insecticidal Activities of Thymus kotschyanus Essential Oil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ghader","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5882-8981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abolfazl","family":"Alirezalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youbert","family":"Ghosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 165-5715944931, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azadeh","family":"Jarrahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 165-5715944931, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8300-6138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Ali","family":"Safavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 165-5715944931, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Abbas-Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5630-3989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Barba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Avda. Vicent Andr\u00e9s Estell\u00e9s, s\/n, 46100 Burjassot, Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo E. S.","family":"Munekata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico de la Carne de Galicia, r\u00faa Galicia n\u00b0 4, Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de Galicia, 16 San Cibrao das Vi\u00f1as, 32900 Ourense, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2764-504X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico de la Carne de Galicia, r\u00faa Galicia n\u00b0 4, Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de Galicia, 16 San Cibrao das Vi\u00f1as, 32900 Ourense, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7725-9294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico de la Carne de Galicia, r\u00faa Galicia n\u00b0 4, Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de Galicia, 16 San Cibrao das Vi\u00f1as, 32900 Ourense, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1477730","article-title":"Understanding the potential benefits of thyme and its derived products for food industry and consumer health: From extraction of value-added compounds to the evaluation of bioaccessibility, bioavailability, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities","volume":"59","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. 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