{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T11:06:17Z","timestamp":1783595177512,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/02\/X\/NZ9\/00490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/02\/X\/NZ9\/00490"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biological crop protection is recommended to be applied alternately or together with chemical one, to protect human health from the excessive use of toxic pesticides. Presence of microorganisms can influence the concentration of chemical pollutants in soil. The aim of this study is to estimate the influence of a commercial biological fungicide containing Trichoderma harzianum Rifai T-22 on dissipation kinetics and degradation of five herbicides belonging to different chemical classes: clomazone, fluazifop-P-butyl, metribuzin, pendimethalin, and propyzamide, in two types of soil. Results of the study revealed that T. harzianum T-22 influences pesticide degradation and dissipation kinetics of the non-persistent herbicides: clomazone, fluazifop-P-butyl, and metribuzin. In soil with a higher content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter, degradation increased by up to 24.2%, 24.8%, and 23.5% for clomazone, fluazifop-P-butyl, and metribuzin, respectively. In soil with lower organic content, degradation was on a low level, of 16.1%, 17.7%, and 16.3% for clomazone, fluazifop-P-butyl, and metribuzin, respectively. In our study, the addition of the biological preparation shortened herbicide dissipation half-lives, from 0.3 days (2.9%) for fluazifop-P-butyl, to 18.4 days (25.1%) for clomazone. During the degradation study, no significant differences were noticed for pendimethalin, belonging to persistent substances. Biological protection of crops can modify pesticide concentrations and dissipation rates. On one hand, this may result in the reduced effectiveness of herbicide treatments, while on the other, it can become a tool for achieving cleaner environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25061391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T07:29:07Z","timestamp":1584689347000},"page":"1391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Influence of a Commercial Biological Fungicide containing Trichoderma harzianum Rifai T-22 on Dissipation Kinetics and Degradation of Five Herbicides in Two Types of Soil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6145-8486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Szpyrka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rzeszow, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, 1 Pigonia St., 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1329-993X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Podbielska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rzeszow, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, 1 Pigonia St., 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneta","family":"Zwolak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rzeszow, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, 1 Pigonia St., 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Piechowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rzeszow, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, 1 Pigonia St., 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Siebielec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, Department of Soil Erosion and Land Conservation, 8 Czartoryskich St., 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"S\u0142owik-Borowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rzeszow, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, 1 Pigonia St., 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-016-5390-4","article-title":"Occurrence and estimation of pesticide residues in edible minor crops in southeastern Poland in 2013\u20132014","volume":"188","author":"Podbielska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Monit Assess."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.052","article-title":"Anthropogenic contaminants of high concern: Existence in water resources and their adverse effects","volume":"690","author":"Iqbal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damalas, C.A., and Koutroubas, S.D. (2018). Current status and recent developments in biopesticide use. Agriculture (Basel), 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture8010013"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3986","article-title":"Products containing microorganisms as a tool in integrated pest management and the rules of their market placement in the European Union","volume":"71","author":"Matyjaszczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pest. Manag Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"957","article-title":"Factors affecting the use of microbial biopesticides in plant protection","volume":"52","author":"Martyniuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog Plant. Prot."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahri Joutey, N., Bahafid, W., Sayel, H., and El Ghachtouli, N. (2013). Biodegradation: Involved Microorganisms and Genetically Engineered Microorganisms. Biodegradation, Life of Science. Available online: https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/biodegradation-life-of-science\/biodegradation-involved-microorganisms-and-genetically-engineered-microorganisms.","DOI":"10.5772\/56194"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Xiao, L., Li, F., Xiao, M., Lin, D., Long, X., and Wu, Z. (2018). Microbial Degradation of Pesticide Residues and an Emphasis on the Degradation of Cypermethrin and 3-phenoxy Benzoic Acid: A Review. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23092313"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-5022-4","article-title":"The influence of effective microorganisms (EM) and yeast on the degradation of strobilurins and carboxamides in leafy vegetables monitored by LC-MS\/MS and health risk assessment","volume":"188","author":"Jankowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Monit Assess."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-2632-1","article-title":"Biology and biotechnology of Trichoderma","volume":"87","author":"Schuster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"20","article-title":"A review on interactions of Trichoderma with Plant and Pathogens","volume":"3","author":"Dinesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. J. Agric. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.5613","article-title":"Trichoderma harzianum-based novel formulations: Potential applications for management of Next-Gen agricultural challenges","volume":"93","author":"Fraceto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1128\/am.19.5.879-881.1970","article-title":"Degradation of endrin, aldrin, and DDT by soil microorganisms","volume":"19","author":"Patil","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. App Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620120612","article-title":"Degradation of Organochlorine Pesticides, Particularly Endosulfan, by Trichoderma Harzianum","volume":"12","author":"Katayama","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"115","article-title":"Biodegradation of Methyl Parathion and Endosulfan Using Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Trichoderma Viridae","volume":"53","author":"Senthilkumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1465","article-title":"In vitro Studies on Biodegradation of Chlorpyrifos by Trichoderma viride and T. harzianum","volume":"6","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"4","article-title":"Biodegradation of organophosphate pesticide by soil fungi","volume":"12","author":"Harish","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Bio Tech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00070a029","article-title":"Biodegradation of fenitrothion and fenitrooxon by the fungus Trichoderma viride","volume":"34","author":"Baarschers","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"891","article-title":"Use of Trichoderma spp. in biodegradation of carbendazim","volume":"86","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"EU Database (2020). EU Pesticides Database, Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety European Commission. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/plant\/pesticides\/eu-pesticides-database\/public\/?event=homepage&language=EN."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"BPDB 2019 (2019). Bio-Pesticides DataBase, University of Hertfordshire. Available online: https:\/\/sitem.herts.ac.uk\/aeru\/bpdb\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Koppert BV (2019, July 11). TRIANUM-G label, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/documents\/912055\/913531\/Trianum-G.pdf\/12509ee2-50e0-df1b-9c07-d535ac82ca63?version=1.0."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2018, November 12). Labels of Plant Protection Products, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/web\/rolnictwo\/etykiety-srodkow-ochrony-roslin."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2019, July 11). PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine National Center for Biotechnology Information, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"PPDB 2019 (2019). Pesticide Properties Database, University of Hertfordshire. Available online: https:\/\/sitem.herts.ac.uk\/aeru\/ppdb\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-017-6071-7","article-title":"Dissipation of S-metolachlor in plant and soil and effect on enzymatic activities","volume":"189","author":"Wydro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Monit Assess."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"EFSA (2006). Conclusion regarding the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance metribuzin. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). EFSA J., 88, 1\u201374."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4487","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0635356","article-title":"Factors influencing degradation of pesticides in soil","volume":"55","author":"Kah","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"35","article-title":"Environmental fate and toxicology of clomazone","volume":"229","author":"Tjeerdema","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-50532008000500026","article-title":"Study of the degradation of the herbicide clomazone in distilled and in irrigated rice field waters using HPLC-DAD and GC-MS","volume":"19","author":"Zanella","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.1021\/jf903957j","article-title":"Microbial degradation of clomazone under simulated California rice field conditions","volume":"58","author":"Tomco","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.11.048","article-title":"Relative contribution of ammonia oxidizing bacteria and other members of nitrifying activated sludge communities to micropollutant biotransformation","volume":"109","author":"Men","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-83582013000200020","article-title":"Impact of herbicides on strains of Trichoderma spp.","volume":"31","author":"Reis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Planta Daninha."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trichoderma-Induced Acidification Is an Early Trigger for Changes in Arabidopsis Root Growth and Determines Fungal Phytostimulation","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Plant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Durkin, P.R. (2013). Scoping\/Screening Level Risk Assessment on Fluazifop-P-butyl, Syracuse Environmental Research Associates Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/www.fs.fed.us\/foresthealth\/pesticide\/pdfs\/Fluazifop-P-butyl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimizing the metribuzin degrading potential of a novel bacterial consortium based on Taguchi design of experiment","volume":"15","author":"Wahla","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"291","article-title":"Impact of pesticides on Trichoderma harzianum and on its possible antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum under In vitro conditions","volume":"5","author":"Nowara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Agric. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2001.302418x","article-title":"Removal of herbicides from liquid media by fungi isolated from a contaminated soil","volume":"30","author":"Bordjiba","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.17221\/226\/2015-SWR","article-title":"Pendimethalin degradation in soil and its interaction with soil microorganisms","volume":"11","author":"Artikov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil Water Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3180.1988.tb00791.x","article-title":"Relations entre la vitesse de d\u00e9gradation du propyzamide et les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s physicochimiques des sols","volume":"28","author":"Barrere","year":"2006","journal-title":"Weed Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/61.3.610","article-title":"Degradation of insecticides by a soil fungi Trichoderma viride","volume":"61","author":"Matsumura","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"PN-ISO 11465:1999 (1999). Wersja Polska. Jako\u015b\u0107 Gleby\u2014Oznaczanie Zawarto\u015bci Suchej Masy Gleby i Wody w Glebie w Przeliczeniu na such\u0105 Mas\u0119 Gleby\u2014Metoda Wagowa, The Polish Committee for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"PN-EN 15662:2018 (2018). Foods of Plant Origin\u2014Multimethod for the Determination of Pesticide Residues Using GC- and LC-based Analysis Following Acetonitrile Extraction\/Partitioning and Clean-up by Dispersive SPE\u2014Modular QuEChERS-method, Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7124","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-8334-1","article-title":"Influence of QuEChERS modifications on recovery and matrix effect during the multi-residue pesticide analysis in soil by GC\/MS\/MS and GC\/ECD\/NPD","volume":"24","author":"Rutkowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"46","article-title":"Comparison of QuEChERS with Traditional Sample Preparation Methods in the Determination of Multiclass Pesticides in Soil","volume":"102","author":"Zeremski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.16-0274","article-title":"The QuEChERS Approach for the determination of pesticide residues in soil samples: An Overview","volume":"99","author":"Michel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"SANTE 2017 (2017). Document SANTE\/11813\/2017. Guidance Document on Analytical Quality Control and Method Validation Procedures for Pesticides Residues Analysis in Food and Feed, Manufacturers. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/sites\/food\/files\/plant\/docs\/pesticides_mrl_guidelines_wrkdoc_2017-11813.pdf."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/6\/1391\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:07:51Z","timestamp":1760173671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/6\/1391"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25061391"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25061391","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]}}}