{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T20:25:52Z","timestamp":1773087952182,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,4]],"date-time":"2020-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hemiscorpius lepturus (H. lepturus) which belongs to the Scorpionidae family, is the deadliest scorpion in Iran. It causes pathological manifestations like dermonecrosis, hemolysis, renal failure, necrotic ulcers, and in some cases, even death. The venom of this scorpion is well-known for its cytotoxic effects in comparison with the other venomous scorpions which show significant neurotoxic effects. Due to the painless nature of the sting of this scorpion, the clinical symptoms occur in victims 24 to 72 h post-sting. In our previous studies during the last decade, we demonstrated that the medical complications are attributable to the presence of phospholipase D (PLD) as a major toxin in the venom. With the purpose of designing and constructing a vaccine against H. lepturus for humans, animal model experiments were performed. To achieve this goal, non-toxic PLD was developed by mutation of two critical catalytic residues\u2014His12 and His48\u2014into alanines and the product was then denominated mut-rPLD1. The in-vivo tests showed that the mice immunized with interval doses of 10 \u00b5g of mut-rPLD1, were completely protected against 10\u00d7 the LD100 of the venom. In conclusion, this mutant may be an effective vaccine candidate against scorpion envenomation by H. lepturus in future clinical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25071673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T05:31:16Z","timestamp":1586496676000},"page":"1673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Novel Mutant Phospholipase D from Hemiscorpius lepturus Acts as A Highly Immunogen in BALB\/c Mice Against the Lethality of Scorpion Venom"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Abouzar","family":"Soleimani Moez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran P.O. Box 14115-111, Iran"},{"name":"Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran P.O. Box 13169-43351, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"H. Sajedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran P.O. Box 14115-111, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0125-3918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamran","family":"Pooshang Bagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran P.O. Box 13169-43351, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9040-5647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Sabatier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuro Physiopathology (INP), Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Aix-Marseille, UMR 7051, Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delavar","family":"Shahbazzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab., Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran P.O. Box 13169-43351, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"The review of status of scorpion sting in Iran and problems from it","volume":"9","author":"Dehghani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Feyz"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"Scorpionism by Hemiscorpius spp.","volume":"24","author":"Dehghani","year":"2018","journal-title":"in Iran: A review. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20061404","article-title":"Hemicalcin, a new toxin from the Iranian scorpion Hemiscorpius lepturus which is active on ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ channels","volume":"404","author":"Shahbazzadeh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. 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