{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:24:51Z","timestamp":1790871891654,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate pre-operative determination of parathyroid glands localization is critical in the selection of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy as a surgical treatment approach in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Its importance cannot be overemphasized as it helps to minimize the harmful side effects associated with damage to the parathyroid glands such as in hypocalcemia, severe hemorrhage or recurrent laryngeal nerve dysfunction. Preoperative and intraoperative methods decrease the incidence of mistakenly injuring the parathyroid glands and allow for the timely diagnosis of various abnormalities, including parathyroid adenomas. This article reviews 139 studies conducted between 1970 and 2020 (49 years). Studies that were reviewed focused on several techniques including application of carbon nanoparticles, carbon nanoparticles with technetium sestamibi (99m Tc-MIBI), Raman spectroscopy, near-infrared autofluorescence, dynamic optical contrast imaging, laser speckle contrast imaging, shear wave elastography, and indocyanine green to test their potential in providing proper parathyroid glands\u2019 localization. Apart from reviewing the aforementioned techniques, this study focused on the applications that helped in the detection of parathyroid adenomas. Results suggest that applying all the reviewed techniques significantly improves the possibility of providing proper localization of parathyroid glands, and the application of indocyanine green has proven to be the \u2018ideal\u2019 approach for the diagnosis of parathyroid adenomas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25071724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T05:31:16Z","timestamp":1586496676000},"page":"1724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Preoperative and Intraoperative Methods of Parathyroid Gland Localization and the Diagnosis of Parathyroid Adenomas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jacek","family":"Baj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7267-9516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Sitarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Center of Oncology of the Lublin Region St. Jana z Dukli, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"\u0141okaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Center of Oncology of the Lublin Region St. Jana z Dukli, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8714-7627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Forma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5576-4169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Czeczelewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3687-8654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr","family":"Maani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Garruti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000486060","article-title":"Physiology of the Calcium-Parathyroid Hormone-Vitamin D Axis","volume":"50","author":"Goltzman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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