{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T03:48:47Z","timestamp":1784000927072,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"2017 Ottogi Foundation research program","award":["2017 Ottogi Foundation research program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017 Ottogi Foundation research program"]}]},{"name":"Main Research Program of the Korea Food Research Institute.","award":["E0164500-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E0164500-05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of irreversible loss of vision with 80\u201390% of patients demonstrating dry type AMD. Dry AMD could possibly be prevented by polyphenol-rich medicinal foods by the inhibition of N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E)-induced oxidative stress and cell damage. Arctium lappa L. (AL) leaves are medicinal and have antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the protective effects of the extract of AL leaves (ALE) on dry AMD models, including in vitro A2E-induced damage in ARPE-19 cells, a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line, and in vivo light-induced retinal damage in BALB\/c mice. According to the total phenolic contents (TPCs), total flavonoid contents (TFCs) and antioxidant activities, ALE was rich in polyphenols and had antioxidant efficacies on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2\u2032-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2\u2032,7\u2032-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) assays. The effects of ALE on A2E accumulation and A2E-induced cell death were also monitored. Despite continued exposure to A2E (10 \u03bcM), ALE attenuated A2E accumulation in APRE-19 cells with levels similar to lutein. A2E-induced cell death at high concentration (25 \u03bcM) was also suppressed by ALE by inhibiting the apoptotic signaling pathway. Furthermore, ALE could protect the outer nuclear layer (ONL) in the retina from light-induced AMD in BALB\/c mice. In conclusion, ALE could be considered a potentially valuable medicinal food for dry AMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25071737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T05:31:16Z","timestamp":1586496676000},"page":"1737","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Suppressive Effect of Arctium Lappa L. Leaves on Retinal Damage Against A2E-Induced ARPE-19 Cells and Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Dong","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si 54896, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yae","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaewon","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8060-6237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun-Sang","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3404-6977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science &amp; Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si 54896, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0205-016X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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