{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T16:29:34Z","timestamp":1789662574923,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The search for lipid-lowering drugs is important for clinical medicine. This review summarizes our research findings regarding the hypolipidemic activity of polysaccharides. There are several validated agents altering lipid levels which reduce the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. Nonetheless, for many people, the risk of such an event remains unacceptably high despite treatment with these agents. This situation has prompted the search for new therapies to reduce the residual cardiovascular risk. The lipid-lowering effect of \u03b2-glucans consumed with food was demonstrated in patients with atherosclerosis. The mechanism of the protective effect of \u03b2-glucans is poorly studied. The effects of \u03b2-glucans are mediated by Toll-like receptors, by dectin-1, and possibly by other receptors. Nevertheless, the mechanism of the protective action of \u03b2-glucan in lipemic mice has been studied insufficiently. This review will present up-to-date information regarding experimental hypolipidemic polysaccharide compounds that hold promise for medicine. Phagocyte-specific chitotriosidase in humans contributes to innate immune responses against chitin-containing fungi. This enzyme has been first described in patients with Gaucher disease and serves as an important diagnostic biomarker. It has been reported that, in mice, chitin particles of certain size are recognized by macrophages through Toll-like receptors, dectin-1, and to a lesser extent through mannose receptor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25081819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T13:01:39Z","timestamp":1587042099000},"page":"1819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Hypolipidemic Effects of \u03b2-Glucans, Mannans, and Fucoidans: Mechanism of Action and Their Prospects for Clinical Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Tatiana A.","family":"Korolenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Behavior and Neurotechnologies, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Timakov St. 4, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nataliya P.","family":"Bgatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Ultrastructural Research, Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology\u2014Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina V.","family":"Ovsyukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Behavior and Neurotechnologies, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Timakov St. 4, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Shintyapina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Research Center, Timakov St. 2, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3227-2938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaclav","family":"Vetvicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.115.012203","article-title":"New Era of Lipid-Lowering Drugs","volume":"68","author":"Barter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosissup.2019.08.026","article-title":"Statin-induced muscular side effects at rest and exercise\u2013An anatomical mapping","volume":"40","author":"Berent","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atheroscler. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00547","article-title":"Effects of Non-statin Lipid-Modifying Agents on Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality Among Statin-Treated Patients: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Chaiyasothi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, H.-T., Tsou, Y.-C., Chen, Y.-T., Lu, W.-J., and Hwang, P.-A. (2017). Effects of Low-Molecular-Weight Fucoidan and High Stability Fucoxanthin on Glucose Homeostasis, Lipid Metabolism, and Liver Function in a Mouse Model of Type II Diabetes. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15040113"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000522","article-title":"P-407-induced Mouse Model of Dose-controlled Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis","volume":"70","author":"Johnston","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-013-2133-1","article-title":"Comparative characteristics of lipemia models induced by injections of Triton WR-1339 and poloxamer 407 in mice","volume":"155","author":"Loginova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Boil. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5278","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b01192","article-title":"Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effects of Glucomannan Extracted from Konjac on Type 2 Diabetic Rats","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0186-7","article-title":"Early-stage atherosclerosis in poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidemic mice: Pathological features and changes in the lipid composition of serum lipoprotein fractions and subfractions","volume":"15","author":"Korolenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lipids Heal. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1139\/y2012-118","article-title":"The influence of repeated administration of poloxamer 407 on serum lipoproteins and protease activity in mouse liver and heart","volume":"90","author":"Korolenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/15476910802604317","article-title":"Effects of yeast-derived \u03b2-glucans on blood cholesterol and macrophage functionality","volume":"6","author":"Vetvicka","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, B., Meenu, M., Liu, H., and Xu, B. (2019). A Concise Review on the Molecular Structure and Function Relationship of \u03b2-Glucan. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20164032"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2005.02.032","article-title":"Correlation between antitumor activity, molecular weight, and conformation of lentinan","volume":"340","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"V\u011btvi\u010dka, V.C. (2013). [beta]-Glucans as Natural Biological Response Modifiers, Nova Science Publishers, Inc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199411000-00002","article-title":"Randomized Phase I\/II Trial of a Macrophage-Specific Immunomodulator (PGG-Glucan) in High-Risk Surgical Patients","volume":"220","author":"Babineau","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.64.8","article-title":"\u03b2-Glucan in Foods and Its Physiological Functions","volume":"64","author":"Nakashima","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.13480","article-title":"Glucans as New Anticancer Agents","volume":"39","author":"Sima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anticancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2478\/helm-2018-0021","article-title":"B-glucan and parasites","volume":"55","author":"Vetvicka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(03)00233-4","article-title":"Fungal \u03b2-Glucans and Mammalian Immunity","volume":"19","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9745","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20069745","article-title":"Molecular Interactions of \u03b2-(1\u21923)-Glucans with Their Receptors","volume":"20","author":"Legentil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elcombe, S.E., Naqvi, S., Bosch, M.W.M.V.D., MacKenzie, K.F., Cianfanelli, F., Brown, G.D., and Arthur, J.S.C. (2013). Dectin-1 Regulates IL-10 Production via a MSK1\/2 and CREB Dependent Pathway and Promotes the Induction of Regulatory Macrophage Markers. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060086"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2010.10.6.188","article-title":"Dendritic Cell Activation by Glucan Isolated from Umbilicaria Esculenta","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.3.1661","article-title":"Yeast \u03b2-Glucan Amplifies Phagocyte Killing of iC3b-Opsonized Tumor Cells via Complement Receptor 3-Syk-Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway","volume":"177","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2003.09.007","article-title":"Modulating Toll-like receptor mediated signaling by (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan rapidly induces cardioprotection","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-200006000-00005","article-title":"Inhibition of LPS-induced NFkappaB activation by a glucan ligand involves down-regulation of IKKbeta kinase activity and altered phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha","volume":"13","author":"Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1049","article-title":"Hypocholesterolemic effects of beta-glucans in different barley diets fed to broiler chicks","volume":"35","author":"Fadel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nutr. Rep. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2015.2238","article-title":"Effect of polycan, a \u03b2-glucan originating from Aureobasidium, on a high-fat diet-induced hyperlipemic hamster model","volume":"9","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (1998). FDA Allows Food Containing Psyllium to Make Health Claim on Reducing Risk of Heart Disease."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (1997). Food Labeling: Health Claims; Oats and Coronary Heart Disease: Final Rule."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1799","article-title":"\u03b2-glucans and cholesterol (Review)","volume":"41","author":"Sima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2004.08.018","article-title":"Dietary fiber and body weight","volume":"21","author":"Slavin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.6.1245","article-title":"Oat beta-glucan increases bile acid excretion and a fiber-rich barley fraction increases cholesterol excretion in ileostomy subjects","volume":"62","author":"Lia","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.04.008","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the effects of beta-glucan consumption on serum lipid profile and glucose level in hypercholesterolemic subjects","volume":"25","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"749","article-title":"Hypocholesterolemic effects of beta-glucans in different barley diets fed to broilers chicks","volume":"39","author":"Newman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nutr. Rep. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.917","article-title":"The Effects of Barley-Derived Soluble Fiber on Serum Lipids","volume":"7","author":"Talati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1997.10718648","article-title":"Effect of beta-glucan level in oat fiber extracts on blood lipids in men and women","volume":"16","author":"Behall","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02850119","article-title":"Effects of soy and other natural products on LDL:HDL ratio and other lipid parameters: A literature review","volume":"20","author":"Hermansen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.4.711","article-title":"Randomized controlled crossover study of the effect of a highly \u03b2-glucan\u2013enriched barley on cardiovascular disease risk factors in mildly hypercholesterolemic men","volume":"78","author":"Keogh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451600341X","article-title":"The effect of oat\u03b2-glucan on LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and apoB for CVD risk reduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials","volume":"116","author":"Ho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO00157J","article-title":"Barley \u03b2-glucan increases fecal bile acid excretion and short chain fatty acid levels in mildly hypercholesterolemic individuals","volume":"9","author":"Thandapilly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517002835","article-title":"Barley \u03b2-glucan reduces blood cholesterol levels via interrupting bile acid metabolism","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2018.11.002","article-title":"Alterations in gut microbiota composition and metabolic parameters after dietary intervention with barley beta glucans in patients with high risk for metabolic syndrome development","volume":"55","author":"Velikonja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4723","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO01314K","article-title":"Barley beta-glucans varying in molecular mass and oligomer structure affect cecal fermentation and microbial composition but not blood lipid profiles in hypercholesterolemic rats","volume":"8","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.07.157","article-title":"Effects of dietary hull-less barley \u03b2-glucan on the cholesterol metabolism of hypercholesterolemic hamsters","volume":"169","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.09.011","article-title":"The impact of oat structure and \u03b2-glucan on in vitro lipid digestion","volume":"38","author":"Grundy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1992.10718264","article-title":"A controlled study on the effect of beta-glucan-rich oat bran on serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic subjects: Relation to apolipoprotein E phenotype","volume":"11","author":"Uusitupa","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, L.G., Endrighi, M., Lisenko, K.G., De Oliveira, M.R.D., Damasceno, M.R., Claudino, J.A., Gutierres, P.G., Peconick, A.P., Saad, F.M.D.O.B., and Zangeronimo, M. (2018). Oat beta-glucan as a dietary supplement for dogs. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201133"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bub, A., Malpuech-Brug\u00e8re, C., Orfila, C., Amat, J., Arianna, A., Blot, A., Di Nunzio, M., Holmes, M., Kert\u00e9sz, Z., and Marshall, L. (2019). A Dietary Intervention of Bioactive Enriched Foods Aimed at Adults at Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: Protocol and Results from PATHWAY-27 Pilot Study. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081814"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9665","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b03782","article-title":"Orally Administered Baker\u2019s Yeast \u03b2-Glucan Promotes Glucose and Lipid Homeostasis in the Livers of Obesity and Diabetes Model Mice","volume":"65","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2007.038","article-title":"Physiological effects of different types of \u03b2-glucan","volume":"151","author":"Vetvicka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomed. Pap."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn.70.2.208","article-title":"Plasma lipid changes after supplementation with \u03b2-glucan fiber from yeast","volume":"70","author":"Nicolosi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.2174\/1874091X01812010036","article-title":"Effects of Glucan and Vitamin D Supplementation on Obesity and Lipid Metabolism in Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"12","author":"Richter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"62","article-title":"The effect of maitake mushrooms on liver and serum lipids","volume":"2","author":"Kubo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Altern. Ther. Heal. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aoe, S., Yamanaka, C., Koketsu, K., Nishioka, M., Onaka, N., Nishida, N., and Takahashi, M. (2019). Effects of Paramylon Extracted from Euglena gracilis EOD-1 on Parameters Related to Metabolic Syndrome in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071674"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2011.01287.x","article-title":"Influence of atorvastatin on fractional and subfractional composition of serum lipoproteins and MMP activity in mice with Triton WR 1339-induced lipaemia","volume":"63","author":"Korolenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"387","article-title":"Yeast cell wall polysaccharides as antioxidants and antimutagens: Can they fight cancer?","volume":"55","author":"Kogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neoplasma"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1139\/y11-118","article-title":"Influence of atorvastatin and carboxymethylated glucan on the serum lipoprotein profile and MMP activity of mice with lipemia induced by poloxamer","volume":"90","author":"Korolenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.03.045","article-title":"Carboxymethylation of (1 --> 6)-beta-glucan (lasiodiplodan): Preparation, characterization and antioxidant evaluation","volume":"127","author":"Kagimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2009.04.003","article-title":"Beta-glucan extracts inhibit the in vitro intestinal uptake of long-chain fatty acids and cholesterol and down-regulate genes involved in lipogenesis and lipid transport in rats","volume":"21","author":"Drozdowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-008-1423-4","article-title":"An overview of mannan structure and mannan-degrading enzyme systems","volume":"79","author":"Moreira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(01)00257-1","article-title":"Antioxidative and antimutagenic activity of yeast cell wall mannans in vitro","volume":"497","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0901-5_5","article-title":"Humoral pattern recognition molecules: Mannan-binding lectin and ficolins","volume":"653","author":"Thiel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.03016.x","article-title":"Mannan-binding lectin deficiency modulates the humoral immune response dependent on the genetic environment","volume":"127","author":"Ruseva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01239","article-title":"Mannan-Binding Lectin Attenuates Inflammatory Arthritis Through the Suppression of Osteoclastogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6420","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i40.6420","article-title":"Mannose-binding lectin and maladies of the bowel and liver","volume":"12","author":"Worthley","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2019.05.012","article-title":"Exploitation of glycosylation in enveloped virus pathobiology","volume":"1863","author":"Watanabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1159\/000228159","article-title":"Mannose-Binding Lectin Deficiency and Respiratory Tract Infection","volume":"2","author":"Eisen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2011.11.002","article-title":"Mannan-binding lectin deficiency\u2014Good news, bad news, doesn\u2019t matter?","volume":"143","author":"Heitzeneder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vetvicka, V., Vannucci, L., Sima, P., and Richter, J. (2019). Beta Glucan: Supplement or Drug? From Laboratory to Clinical Trials. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24071251"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korolenko, T., Bgatova, N., and Vetvicka, V. (2019). Glucan and Mannan-Two Peas in a Pod. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133189"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"253","article-title":"Macrophage stimulation and antitumor effect of Ukrain","volume":"24","author":"Korolenko","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drugs Exp. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"370","article-title":"Liver and serum lysosomal enzymes activity during zymosan-induced inflammation in mice","volume":"38","author":"Safina","year":"1992","journal-title":"Agents Actions Suppl."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Takahashi, R., and Kai, H. (2012). Macrophage stimulation and \u03b2-D-glucans as biological response modifiers: The role in experimental tumor development. Handbook of Macrophages: Life Cycle, Functions and Diseases, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.111","article-title":"Hypolipidemic effect of mannans from C. albicans serotypes A and B in acute hyperlipidemia in mice","volume":"107","author":"Korolenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Boil. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2007.03.007","article-title":"Immune stimulation and improved infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides","volume":"23","author":"Torrecillas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5920","DOI":"10.3390\/md13095920","article-title":"Therapies from Fucoidan: An Update","volume":"13","author":"Fitton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-019-04436-w","article-title":"Markers of Systemic Inflammation in Experimental Dyslipidemia Induced by P-407: Modulation with Fucoidan from Brown Alga Fucus evanescens","volume":"166","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Boil. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29R","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwg058","article-title":"Sulfated fucans, fresh perspectives: Structures, functions, and biological properties of sulfated fucans and an overview of enzymes active toward this class of polysaccharide","volume":"13","author":"Berteau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.08.005","article-title":"Pharmaceutical potential of a fucoidan-like sulphated polysaccharide isolated from Halodule pinifolia","volume":"62","author":"Kannan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Boil. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-007-0226-4","article-title":"Antitumor and antimetastatic activity of fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the Okhotsk Sea Fucus evanescens brown alga","volume":"143","author":"Alekseyenko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Boil. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luthuli, S., Wu, S., Cheng, Y., Zheng, X., Wu, M., and Tong, H. (2019). Therapeutic Effects of Fucoidan: A Review on Recent Studies. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17090487"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.3390\/md9101731","article-title":"Therapies from Fucoidan; Multifunctional Marine Polymers","volume":"9","author":"Fitton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chollet, L., Saboural, P., Chauvierre, C., Villemin, J.-N., Letourneur, D., and Chaubet, F. (2016). Fucoidans in Nanomedicine. Mar. Drugs, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/md14080145"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Weelden, G., Bobi\u0144ski, M., Ok\u0142a, K., Van Weelden, W.J., Romano, A., and Pijnenborg, J. (2019). Fucoidan Structure and Activity in Relation to Anti-Cancer Mechanisms. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17010032"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.3390\/md9102106","article-title":"Important Determinants for Fucoidan Bioactivity: A Critical Review of Structure-Function Relations and Extraction Methods for Fucose-Containing Sulfated Polysaccharides from Brown Seaweeds","volume":"9","author":"Ale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00153","article-title":"Algal Polysaccharides as Therapeutic Agents for Atherosclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Patil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.10.059","article-title":"Fucoidan delays apoptosis and induces pro-inflammatory cytokine production in human neutrophils","volume":"73","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Boil. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"6041","article-title":"Fucoidans Stimulate Immune Reaction and Suppress Cancer Growth","volume":"37","author":"Vetvicka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anticancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Citkowska, A., Szekalska, M., and Winnicka, K. (2019). Possibilities of Fucoidan Utilization in the Development of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/md17080458"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.09.073","article-title":"Antihyperlipidemic activity of high sulfate content derivative of polysaccharide extracted from Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyta)","volume":"87","author":"Qi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.3390\/md9081359","article-title":"Fucoidan from Marine Brown Algae Inhibits Lipid Accumulation","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3109\/13880200903150435","article-title":"Hypolipidemic effect of fucoidan from Laminaria japonica in hyperlipidemic rats","volume":"48","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. Boil."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2016.01.011","article-title":"Fucoidan alleviates high-fat diet-induced dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis in ApoEshl mice deficient in apolipoprotein E expression","volume":"32","author":"Yokota","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-008-9170-1","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of Fucoidan in 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Differentiation","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4965","article-title":"Fucoidan Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Animals by Suppression of Fat Accumulation","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytotherapy Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2016.03.007","article-title":"Fucoidan improves serum lipid levels and atherosclerosis through hepatic SREBP-2-mediated regulation","volume":"131","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1039\/C3FO60716J","article-title":"Fucoidan from the sea cucumber Acaudina molpadioides exhibits anti-adipogenic activity by modulating the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway and down-regulating the SREBP-1c expression","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.07.006","article-title":"Fucoidan alleviates dyslipidemia and modulates gut microbiota in high-fat diet-induced mice","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Wang, H., Sun, W., Huang, S., and Xiang, W. (2008). Experimental study of weight-losing and hypolipidemic effects of Thallus laminariae polysaccharides and its mechanisms in rat. Chin. J. Mod. Appl. Pharm., 25."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.002","article-title":"Hypolipidemic effects of fucoidan fractions from Saccharina sculpera (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae)","volume":"140","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Boil. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2013.0053","article-title":"Effect of Fucoidan Administration on Insulin Secretion and Insulin Resistance in Overweight or Obese Adults","volume":"17","author":"Corona","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5782","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b01321","article-title":"Fucoidan A2 from the Brown Seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum Lowers Lipid by Improving Reverse Cholesterol Transport in C57BL\/6J Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet","volume":"67","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00185","article-title":"Emerging Roles of Lipophagy in Health and Disease","volume":"7","author":"Kounakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Boil."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2017.06.008","article-title":"Breaking fat: The regulation and mechanisms of lipophagy","volume":"1862","author":"Schulze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Cell Boil. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Gong, H., Yang, S., Yang, L., Fan, Y., and Zhou, Y. (2017). Pectic Bee Pollen Polysaccharide from Rosa rugosa Alleviates Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance via Induction of AMPK\/mTOR-Mediated Autophagy. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22050699"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i11.1964","article-title":"Traditional Chinese herbal extracts inducing autophagy as a novel approach in therapy of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO02375A","article-title":"Polysaccharides derived from natural sources regulate triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism: A review of the mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.06.003","article-title":"Regulation and Functions of Autophagic Lipolysis","volume":"27","author":"Cingolani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.07.168","article-title":"Lipophagy and liver disease: New perspectives to better understanding and therapy","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2013.22","article-title":"Lycium barbarum polysaccharides protect rat liver from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-induced injury","volume":"3","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00038","article-title":"Autophagic Regulation of Lipid Homeostasis in Cardiometabolic Syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3660","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00463G","article-title":"Protective effects of \u03b1-galacto-oligosaccharides against a high-fat\/western-style diet-induced metabolic abnormalities in mice","volume":"10","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/8\/1819\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:09:11Z","timestamp":1760364551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/8\/1819"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25081819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25081819","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]}}}