{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T23:09:34Z","timestamp":1785366574550,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006952","name":"Louisiana Board of Regents","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LEQSF(2017-20)-RD-A-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LEQSF(2017-20)-RD-A-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006952","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005743","name":"Louisiana Space Grant Consortium","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001589"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005743","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ear infection is one of the most commonly occurring inflammation diseases in the world, especially for children. Almost every child encounters at least one episode of ear infection before he\/she reaches the age of seven. The typical treatment currently followed by physicians is visual inspection and antibiotic prescription. In most cases, a lack of improper treatment results in severe bacterial infection. Therefore, it is necessary to design and explore advanced practices for effective diagnosis. In this review paper, we present the various types of ear infection and the related pathogens responsible for middle ear infection. We outline the conventional techniques along with clinical trials using those techniques to detect ear infections. Further, we highlight the need for emerging techniques to reduce ear infection complications. Finally, we emphasize the utility of Raman spectroscopy as a prospective non-invasive technique for the identification of middle ear infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25092239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T02:41:20Z","timestamp":1589251280000},"page":"2239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Optical Identification of Middle Ear Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2583-7427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alisha","family":"Prasad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Mohammad Abid","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6243-6780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manas Ranjan","family":"Gartia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9529","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1201592109","article-title":"Noninvasive in vivo optical detection of biofilm in the human middle ear","volume":"109","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. 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