{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T02:45:51Z","timestamp":1784861151273,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,22]],"date-time":"2020-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009687","name":"Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piast\u00f3w Slaskich we Wroclawiu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["STM. B022.17.013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STM. B022.17.013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005982","name":"Wroclaw University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["statutory activity subsidy from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education for the Faculty of Chemistry at the Wroclaw University of Science and Technology"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["statutory activity subsidy from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education for the Faculty of Chemistry at the Wroclaw University of Science and Technology"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to compare the chemical composition and biological properties of Polish propolis. Ethanol, ethanol-hexane, hexane and hexane-ethanol extracts of propolis from three different regions of Poland were prepared. On the basis of the evaluation of their chemical composition as well as the extraction yield and free radical scavenging activity, the ethanol and hexane-ethanol extractions were proposed as the most effective methods. Subsequently, the biological properties of the extracts were evaluated to investigate the selectivity of an anticancer effect on tongue cancer cells in comparison to normal gingival fibroblasts. The obtained products demonstrated anticancer activity against tongue cancer cells. Additionally, when the lowest extract concentration (100 \u00b5g\/mL) was applied, they were not cytotoxic to gingival fibroblasts. Finally, a possible anti-inflammatory potential of the prepared products was revealed, as reduced mitochondrial activity and proliferation of macrophages exposed to the extracts were observed. The results obtained indicate a potential of Polish propolis as a natural product with cancer-selective toxicity and anti-inflammatory effect. However, further studies are still needed to thoroughly explain the molecular mechanisms of its action and to obtain the promising health benefits of this versatile natural product.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25102426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,22]],"date-time":"2020-05-22T10:18:18Z","timestamp":1590142698000},"page":"2426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Polish Propolis\u2014Chemical Composition and Biological Effects in Tongue Cancer Cells and Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7077-1327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Wezgowiec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9569-900X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Wieczynska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Technology of Chemical Processes, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wlodzimierz","family":"Wieckiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8272-5440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julita","family":"Kulbacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5273-5293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Saczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2583-5197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Pachura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4953-7143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mieszko","family":"Wieckiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Gancarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Technology of Chemical Processes, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2020-1761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazimiera A.","family":"Wilk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Technology of Chemical Processes, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomford, N.E., Senthebane, D.A., Rowe, A., Munro, D., Seele, P., Maroyi, A., and Dzobo, K. 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