{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T16:37:04Z","timestamp":1778776624532,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004530","name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IPS\/2018\/9594600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPS\/2018\/9594600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the leaves of Clinacanthus nutans for its bioactive compounds and acute and subacute toxicity effects of C. nutans ethanolic leaf extract (CELE) on blood, liver and kidneys of ICR mice. A total of 10 8-week-old female mice were divided into groups A (control) and B (2000 mg\/kg) for the acute toxicity study. A single dose of 2000 mg\/kg was administered to group B through oral gavage and mice were monitored for 14 days. In the subacute toxicity study, mice were divided into five groups: A (control), B (125 mg\/kg), C (250 mg\/kg), D (500 mg\/kg) and E (1000 mg\/kg). The extract was administered daily for 28 days via oral gavage. The mice were sacrificed, and samples were collected for analyses. Myricetin, orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin, isookanin, apigenin and ferulic acid were identified in the extract. Twenty-eight days of continuous oral administration revealed significant increases (p &lt; 0.05) in creatinine, ALT and moderate hepatic and renal necrosis in groups D and E. The study concluded that the lethal dose (LD50) of CELE in mice is greater than 2000 mg\/kg and that repeated oral administrations of CELE for 28 days induced hepatic and renal toxicities at 1000 mg\/kg in female ICR mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25112631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T08:49:11Z","timestamp":1591692551000},"page":"2631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Subacute Oral Administration of Clinacanthus nutans Ethanolic Leaf Extract Induced Liver and Kidney Toxicities in ICR Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1093-5622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullahi","family":"Aliyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, City Campus Complex, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 840212, Sokoto State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohd Rosly","family":"Shaari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute Headquarter, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nurul Syahirah","family":"Ahmad Sayuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohd Farhan Hanif","family":"Reduan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanmugavelu","family":"Sithambaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute Headquarter, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9288-797X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustapha Mohamed","family":"Noordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khozirah","family":"Shaari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5309-2055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazilawati","family":"Hamzah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5745","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17055745","article-title":"Anticancer properties and phenolic contents of sequentially prepared extracts from different parts of selected medicinal plants indigenous to malaysia","volume":"17","author":"Ismail","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1244","article-title":"Clinacanthus nutans (burm. 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