{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T01:07:06Z","timestamp":1778634426084,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI123690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI123690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI140881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI140881"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI089441"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI089441"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI111341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI111341"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transmission of human malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) by Anopheles mosquitoes is a continuous process that presents a formidable challenge for effective control of the disease. Infectious gametocytes continue to circulate in humans for up to four weeks after antimalarial drug treatment, permitting prolonged transmission to mosquitoes even after clinical cure. Almost all reported malaria cases are transmitted to humans by mosquitoes, and therefore decreasing the rate of Plasmodium transmission from humans to mosquitoes with novel transmission-blocking remedies would be an important complement to other interventions in reducing malaria incidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25122773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T12:21:46Z","timestamp":1592482906000},"page":"2773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Taming the Boys for Global Good: Contraceptive Strategy to Stop Malaria Transmission"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ryan","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samantha A.","family":"Michaels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel C.","family":"Onu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Hulverson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aparajita","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morenike E.","family":"Coker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janis C.","family":"Weeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wesley C.","family":"Van Voorhis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2007-2170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayode K.","family":"Ojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2018). World Malaria Report 2018, WHO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.040293","article-title":"Naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in human, Thailand","volume":"10","author":"Jongwutiwes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2181-0","article-title":"A systematic review of transfusion-transmitted malaria in non-endemic areas","volume":"17","author":"Verra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976827","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/976827","article-title":"The coming-out of malaria gametocytes","volume":"2010","author":"Kuehn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.14.30","article-title":"Antimalarial drug delivery to the mosquito: An option worth exploring?","volume":"9","author":"Paaijmans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Arrow, K.J., Panosian, C.B., and Gelband, H. (2004). Antimalarial drugs and drug resistance. Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks504","article-title":"Antimalarial pharmacology and therapeutics of atovaquone","volume":"68","author":"Nixon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00894-018-3755-z","article-title":"Study of the antimalarial activity of 4-aminoquinoline compounds against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant parasite strains","volume":"24","author":"Lawrenson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Model."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"144","article-title":"Antimalarial and antimicrobial activities of 8-Aminoquinoline-Uracils metal complexes","volume":"15","author":"Phopin","year":"2016","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2007.03.011","article-title":"Activity of piperaquine and other 4-aminoquinoline antiplasmodial drugs against chloroquine-sensitive and resistant blood-stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Role of beta-haematin inhibition and drug concentration in vacuolar water- and lipid-phases","volume":"73","author":"Warhurst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00051-10","article-title":"Epidemiology and infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax gametocytes in relation to malaria control and elimination","volume":"24","author":"Bousema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1999.0426","article-title":"Antimalarial drug resistance and combination chemotherapy","volume":"354","author":"White","year":"1999","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03660.x","article-title":"The role of antimalarial treatment in the elimination of malaria","volume":"17","author":"Gosling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"293","article-title":"Insecticide-impregnated bed nets for malaria control: A review of the field trials","volume":"70","author":"Bermejo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0160","article-title":"Ivermectin mass drug administration to humans disrupts malaria parasite transmission in Senegalese villages","volume":"85","author":"Kobylinski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-400","article-title":"Malaria in infants aged less than six months - is it an area of unmet medical need?","volume":"11","author":"Ubben","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70194-3","article-title":"Malaria morbidity and pyrethroid resistance after the introduction of insecticide-treated bednets and artemisinin-based combination therapies: A longitudinal study","volume":"11","author":"Trape","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2331","article-title":"Artemisinin resistance: Current status and scenarios for containment","volume":"8","author":"Dondorp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.07.091","article-title":"The march toward malaria vaccines","volume":"33","author":"Hoffman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattarai, A., Ali, A.S., Kachur, S.P., M\u00e5rtensson, A., Abbas, A.K., Khatib, R., Al-Mafazy, A.W., Ramsan, M., Rotllant, G., and Gerstenmaier, J.F. (2007). Impact of artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets on malaria burden in Zanzibar. PLoS Med., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040309"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-S1-S8","article-title":"Impact of the large-scale deployment of artemether\/lumefantrine on the malaria disease burden in Africa: Case studies of South Africa, Zambia and Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Barnes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-140","article-title":"Routine delivery of artemisinin-based combination treatment at fixed health facilities reduces malaria prevalence in Tanzania: An observational study","volume":"11","author":"Khatib","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit077","article-title":"Malaria transmission after artemether-lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine: A randomized trial","volume":"207","author":"Sawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.378","article-title":"Effects of different antimalarial drugs on gametocyte carriage in P. vivax malaria","volume":"79","author":"Pukrittayakamee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.693","article-title":"Risk factors for Plasmodium vivax gametocyte carriage in Thailand","volume":"71","author":"Nacher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)70049-6","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine failure associated with a triple mutant including kelch13 C580Y in Cambodia: An observational cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Spring","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"WHO (2012). Update on artemisinin resistance\u2013April 2012. Glob. Malar. Program., 1\u201310."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00903-07","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic determinants of the window of selection for antimalarial drug resistance","volume":"52","author":"Stepniewska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1086\/427997","article-title":"In vivo selection of Plasmodium falciparum pfmdr1 86N coding alleles by artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem)","volume":"191","author":"Sisowath","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.11.060","article-title":"Blood stage malaria disrupts humoral immunity to the pre-erythrocytic stage circumsporozoite protein","volume":"17","author":"Keitany","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit174","article-title":"An intensive longitudinal cohort study of Malian children and adults reveals no evidence of acquired immunity to Plasmodium falciparum infection","volume":"57","author":"Tran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010814-020828","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: Impact, mechanisms, and research directions","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson, S.K., Childs, L.M., Buckee, C., and Marti, M. (2015). Targeting human transmission biology for malaria elimination. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004871"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.875","article-title":"High spatial resolution mapping of malaria transmission risk in the Gambia, west Africa, using LANDSAT TM satellite imagery","volume":"76","author":"Bogh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.181","article-title":"Vector density gradients and the epidemiology of urban malaria in Dakar, Senegal","volume":"47","author":"Trape","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2840","article-title":"Transmission-blocking interventions eliminate malaria from laboratory populations","volume":"4","author":"Blagborough","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2015.04.001","article-title":"Development of malaria transmission-blocking vaccines: From concept to product","volume":"Volume 89","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4819.1081","article-title":"Pyrimethamine (daraprim) as a prophylactic agent against a West African strain of P. falciparum","volume":"1","author":"Covell","year":"1953","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1953.2.777","article-title":"Studies in human malaria. XXXII. The protective and therapeutic effects of pyrimethamine (daraprim) against Chesson strain vivax malaria","volume":"2","author":"Coatney","year":"1953","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"513","article-title":"Malaria suppression with fortnightly doses of pyrimethamine with sulfadoxine in the Gambia","volume":"43","author":"Laing","year":"1970","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1957.6.625","article-title":"Further studies on malaria suppression by monthly drug administration","volume":"6","author":"Miller","year":"1957","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"139","article-title":"Plasmodium differentiation in the mosquito","volume":"41","author":"Sinden","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-278","article-title":"Blocking malaria transmission to Anopheles mosquitoes using artemisinin derivatives and primaquine: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Abay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70187-0","article-title":"Effectiveness of five artemisinin combination regimens with or without primaquine in uncomplicated falciparum malaria: An open-label randomised trial","volume":"10","author":"Smithuis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis959","article-title":"The effect of primaquine on gametocyte development and clearance in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in South Sumatra, Western indonesia: An open-label, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"56","author":"Sutanto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1517\/14728214.2012.720252","article-title":"Reinventing primaquine for endemic malaria","volume":"17","author":"Baird","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00325-13","article-title":"Male and female Plasmodium falciparum mature gametocytes show different responses to antimalarial drugs","volume":"57","author":"Delves","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04793.x","article-title":"An atypical mitogen-activated protein kinase controls cytokinesis and flagellar motility during male gamete formation in a malaria parasite","volume":"58","author":"Tewari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400404","article-title":"A mitogen-activated protein kinase regulates male gametogenesis and transmission of the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei","volume":"6","author":"Rangarajan","year":"2005","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2005.08.003","article-title":"Plasmodium berghei: Effect of protease inhibitors during gametogenesis and early zygote development","volume":"111","author":"Torres","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54613-0","article-title":"Male-Specific protein disulphide isomerase function is essential for plasmodium transmission and a vulnerable target for intervention","volume":"9","author":"Angrisano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep.-UK"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00449-0","article-title":"Calcium and a calcium-dependent protein kinase regulate gamete formation and mosquito transmission in a malaria parasite","volume":"117","author":"Billker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.09.006","article-title":"The systematic functional analysis of Plasmodium protein kinases identifies essential regulators of mosquito transmission","volume":"8","author":"Tewari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI61822","article-title":"Transmission of malaria to mosquitoes blocked by bumped kinase inhibitors","volume":"122","author":"Ojo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit522","article-title":"A specific inhibitor of PfCDPK4 blocks malaria transmission: Chemical-genetic validation","volume":"209","author":"Ojo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2013.12.048","article-title":"Development of potent and selective Plasmodium falciparum calcium-dependent protein kinase 4 (PfCDPK4) inhibitors that block the transmission of malaria to mosquitoes","volume":"74","author":"Vidadala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2016.10.014","article-title":"5-Aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide analogues are selective inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum microgametocyte exflagellation and potential malaria transmission blocking agents","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1021\/jm201725v","article-title":"Multiple determinants for selective inhibition of apicomplexan calcium-dependent protein kinase CDPK1","volume":"55","author":"Larson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.05.014","article-title":"A Plasmodium calcium-dependent protein kinase controls zygote development and transmission by translationally activating repressed mRNAs","volume":"12","author":"Sebastian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02011-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02011-16","article-title":"Reduced activity of mutant calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 is compensated in plasmodium falciparum through the action of protein Kinase G","volume":"7","author":"Bansal","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13466","article-title":"Invasion of hepatocytes by Plasmodium sporozoites requires cGMP-dependent protein kinase and calcium dependent protein kinase 4","volume":"102","author":"Govindasamy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3418","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03418","article-title":"The relevance and applicability of oocyst prevalence as a read-out for mosquito feeding assays","volume":"3","author":"Stone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6612a1","article-title":"Malaria Surveillance\u2014United States, 2014","volume":"66","author":"Mace","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, S., Smith, M.E., Reimer, J., O\u2019Brien, D.B., Brissau, J.M., Donahue, M.C., Carter, C.E., and Michael, E. (2019). Economic performance and cost-effectiveness of using a DEC-salt social enterprise for eliminating the major neglected tropical disease, lymphatic filariasis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007094"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(90)90067-C","article-title":"The prevention of antimalarial drug resistance","volume":"47","author":"Peters","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"112","article-title":"Partition-optimized single emulsion particles improve sustained release of amphiphilic bumped kinase inhibitors to control malaria transmission","volume":"6","author":"Yacoob","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Biol. Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cizauskaite, U., Jakubaityte, G., Zitkevicius, V., and Kasparaviciene, G. (2019). Natural ingredients-based gummy bear composition designed according to texture analysis and sensory evaluation in vivo. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24071442"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2018.05.023","article-title":"Prolonged drug release properties for orodispersible films by combining hot-melt extrusion and solvent casting methods","volume":"129","author":"Speer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000944","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of a novel methylphenidate extended-release orally disintegrating tablet in pediatric patients with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"38","author":"Teuscher","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharm."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics7040438","article-title":"Transdermal drug delivery: Innovative pharmaceutical developments based on disruption of the barrier properties of the stratum corneum","volume":"7","author":"Alkilani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"277","article-title":"A clinician\u2019s guide to oral extended-release drug delivery systems in epilepsy","volume":"23","author":"Wheless","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TB02928H","article-title":"Microcapsule-embedded hydrogel patches for ultrasound responsive and enhanced transdermal delivery of diclofenac sodium","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"WHO (2015). Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.07.055","article-title":"Malaria: Biology and disease","volume":"167","author":"Cowman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.2307\/3283550","article-title":"Population dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum sporogony in laboratory-infected Anopheles gambiae","volume":"78","author":"Vaughan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.07.030","article-title":"Development of a transmission-blocking malaria vaccine: Progress, challenges, and the path forward","volume":"32","author":"Nunes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"CD008923","article-title":"Mosquito larval source management for controlling malaria","volume":"8","author":"Tusting","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12213","article-title":"Innovative sugar-insecticide feeding bioassay for adult female Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"50","author":"Stell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"1292","article-title":"The sugar meal of the African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae and how deterrent compounds interfere with it: A behavioural and neurophysiological study","volume":"216","author":"Kessler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojo, K.K., Reid, M.C., Kallur Siddaramaiah, L., Muller, J., Winzer, P., Zhang, Z., Keyloun, K.R., Vidadala, R.S., Merritt, E.A., and Hol, W.G. (2014). Neospora caninum calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 is an effective drug target for neosporosis therapy. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092929"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-210","article-title":"Successful field trial of attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) plant-spraying methods against malaria vectors in the Anopheles gambiae complex in Mali, West Africa","volume":"9","author":"Muller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lelievre, J., Almela, M.J., Lozano, S., Miguel, C., Franco, V., Leroy, D., and Herreros, E. (2012). Activity of clinically relevant antimalarial drugs on Plasmodium falciparum mature gametocytes in an ATP bioluminescence \u201ctransmission blocking\u201d assay. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035019"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Voorhis, W.C., Adams, J.H., Adelfio, R., Ahyong, V., Akabas, M.H., Alano, P., Alday, A., Aleman Resto, Y., Alsibaee, A., and Alzualde, A. (2016). Open source drug discovery with the malaria box compound collection for neglected diseases and beyond. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005763"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"963689719884888","article-title":"Calcium-dependent protein kinases in malaria parasite development and infection","volume":"29","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Transp."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohd Abd Razak, M.R., Afzan, A., Ali, R., Amir Jalaluddin, N.F., Wasiman, M.I., Shiekh Zahari, S.H., Abdullah, N.R., and Ismail, Z. (2014). Effect of selected local medicinal plants on the asexual blood stage of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-492"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/12\/2773\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:39:26Z","timestamp":1760175566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/12\/2773"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25122773"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25122773","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]}}}