{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:34:37Z","timestamp":1790721277571,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,27]],"date-time":"2020-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI056189 and R01AI50866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI056189 and R01AI50866"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","award":["2015-11323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015-11323"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil-transmitted nematodes (STN) infect 1\u20132 billion of the poorest people worldwide. Only benzimidazoles are currently used in mass drug administration, with many instances of reduced activity. Terpenes are a class of compounds with anthelmintic activity. Thymol, a natural monoterpene phenol, was used to help eradicate hookworms in the U.S. South circa 1910. However, the use of terpenes as anthelmintics was discontinued because of adverse side effects associated with high doses and premature stomach absorption. Furthermore, the dose\u2013response activity of specific terpenes against STNs has been understudied. Here we used hollow, porous yeast particles (YPs) to efficiently encapsulate (&gt;95%) high levels of terpenes (52% w\/w) and evaluated their anthelmintic activity on hookworms (Ancylostoma ceylanicum), a rodent parasite (Nippostrongylus brasiliensis), and whipworm (Trichuris muris). We identified YP\u2013terpenes that were effective against all three parasites. Further, YP\u2013terpenes overcame albendazole-resistant Caenorhabditis elegans. These results demonstrate that terpenes are broad-acting anthelmintics. Terpenes are predicted to be extremely difficult for parasites to resist, and YP encapsulation provides water-suspendable terpene materials without surfactants and sustained terpene release that could lead to the development of formulations for oral delivery that overcome fast absorption in the stomach, thus reducing dosage and toxic side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25132958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T16:06:54Z","timestamp":1593533214000},"page":"2958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Anthelmintic Activity of Yeast Particle-Encapsulated Terpenes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Zeynep","family":"Mirza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9540-8476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernesto R.","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Worcester State University, Worcester, MA 01602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanh-Thanh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffi V.","family":"Aroian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary R.","family":"Ostroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-37","article-title":"Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010","volume":"7","author":"Pullan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-302338","article-title":"Global trends in neglected tropical disease control and elimination: Impact on child health","volume":"98","author":"Barry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. 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