{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:23:10Z","timestamp":1787235790556,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish Research Council Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","award":["grants 2015-05468 and 2016-05885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grants 2015-05468 and 2016-05885"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Natural products have served as primary remedies since ancient times due to their cultural acceptance and outstanding biodiversity. To investigate whether Tamarix aphylla L. modulates an inflammatory process, we carried out bioassay-guided isolation where the extracts and isolated compounds were tested for their modulatory effects on several inflammatory indicators, such as nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), proinflammatory cytokine; tumour necrosis factor (TNF-\u03b1), as well as the proliferation of the lymphocyte T-cells. The aqueous ethanolic extract of the plant inhibited the intracellular ROS production, NO generation, and T-cell proliferation. The aqueous ethanolic crude extract was partitioned by liquid-liquid fractionation using n-hexane (n-C6H6), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH), and water (H2O). The DCM and n-BuOH extracts showed the highest activity against most inflammatory indicators and were further purified to obtain compounds 1\u20134. The structures of 3,5-dihydroxy-4\u2019,7-dimethoxyflavone (1) and 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid methyl ester (2) from the DCM extracts; and kaempferol (3), and 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-(E)-cinnamic acid (4) from the n-BuOH extract were elucidated by different spectroscopic tools, including MS, NMR, UV, and IR. Compound 2 inhibited the production of ROS and TNF-\u03b1, whereas compound 3 showed inhibitory activity against all the tested mediators. A better understanding of the potential aspect of Tamarix aphylla L. derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents could open the door for the development of advanced anti-inflammatory entities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25132994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T16:06:54Z","timestamp":1593533214000},"page":"2994","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory Principles from Tamarix aphylla L.: A Bioassay-Guided Fractionation Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Adel S.","family":"Gadallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Mujeeb-ur-Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Atta-ur-Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8870-3581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sammer","family":"Yousuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Atia-tul-Wahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almas","family":"Jabeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud M.","family":"Swilam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaden A. M.","family":"Khalifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hesham R.","family":"El-Seedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Iqbal","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan"},{"name":"Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah-21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17039","article-title":"Reparative inflammation takes charge of tissue regeneration","volume":"529","author":"Karin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.04.006","article-title":"Interleukin-17 and innate immunity in infections and chronic inflammation","volume":"60","author":"Isailovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1995.tb01638.x","article-title":"The role of free radicals in disease","volume":"23","author":"Florence","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aust. 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