{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:58:50Z","timestamp":1760237930765,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]],"date-time":"2020-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Condensate accumulation in the vicinity of the gas well is known to curtail hydrocarbon production by up to 80%. Numerous approaches are being employed to mitigate condensate damage and improve gas productivity. Chemical treatment, gas recycling, and hydraulic fracturing are the most effective techniques for combatting the condensate bank. However, the gas injection technique showed temporary condensate recovery and limited improvement in gas productivity. Hydraulic fracturing is considered to be an expensive approach for treating condensate banking problems. In this study, a newly synthesized gemini surfactant (GS) was developed to prevent the formation of condensate blockage in the gas condensate reservoirs. Flushing the near-wellbore area with GS will change the rock wettability and thereby reduce the capillary forces holding the condensate due to the strong adsorption capacity of GS on the rock surface. In this study, several measurements were conducted to assess the performance of GS in mitigating the condensate bank including coreflood, relative permeability, phase behavior, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. The results show that GS can reduce the capillary pressure by as much as 40%, increase the condensate mobility by more than 80%, and thereby mitigate the condensate bank by up to 84%. Phase behavior measurements indicate that adding GS to the oil\u2013brine system could not induce any emulsions at different salinity levels. Moreover, NMR and permeability measurements reveal that the gemini surfactant has no effect on the pore system and no changes were observed in the T2 relaxation profiles with and without the GS injection. Ultimately, this work introduces a novel and effective treatment for mitigating the condensate bank. The new treatment showed an attractive performance in reducing liquid saturation and increasing the condensate relative permeability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25133030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T11:07:42Z","timestamp":1594033662000},"page":"3030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Novel Treatment for Mitigating Condensate Bank Using a Newly Synthesized Gemini Surfactant"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Amjed","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum &amp; Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum &amp; Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2359-836X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Shahzad","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum &amp; Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed Muhammad Shakil","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum &amp; Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shirish","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum &amp; Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ahmed, T. (2018). Reservoir Engineering Handbook, Gulf Professional Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2018.12.066","article-title":"Mitigation of near wellbore gas-condensate by CO2 huff-n-puff injection: A simulation study","volume":"175","author":"Ayub","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Petrol. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"85","article-title":"Mitigation of the effects of condensate banking: A critical review","volume":"31","author":"Sayed","year":"2016","journal-title":"SPE Prod. Oper."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2019.02.089","article-title":"Gas condensate treatment: A critical review of materials, methods, field applications, and new solutions","volume":"177","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8341","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-014-1355-5","article-title":"A New Correlation to Predict Dew Point Pressure in Wet Gas Reservoirs","volume":"39","author":"Ghanaatpisheh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"37","article-title":"Two-phase flow of volatile hydrocarbons","volume":"5","author":"Kniazeff","year":"1965","journal-title":"SPE J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2012.06.011","article-title":"A simulation study of the enhancement of condensate recovery from one of the Iranian naturally fractured condensate reservoirs","volume":"92","author":"Maleki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Petrol. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Havlena, Z.G., Griffith, J.D., Pot, R., and Kiel, O.G. (1967, January 24\u201326). Condensate recovery by cycling at declining pressure. Proceedings of the Annual Technical Meeting of Petroleum Society of Canada, Banff, AB, Canada.","DOI":"10.2118\/67-04"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Muskat, M. (1981). Complete-Water-Drive Reservoirs (1949 PPOP Chapter 11). Physical Principles of Oil Production, Society of Petroleum Engineers."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2015.06.013","article-title":"Wettability modification by fluoride and its application in aqueous phase trapping damage removal in tight sandstone reservoirs","volume":"133","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2013.08.015","article-title":"Methanol treatment in gas condensate reservoirs: A modeling and experimental study","volume":"92","author":"Asgari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Linderman, J.T., Al-Jenaibi, F.S., Ghori, S.G., Putney, K., Lawrence, J., Gallat, M., and Hohensee, K. (2018, January 3\u20136). Feasibility Study of Substituting Nitrogen for Hydrocarbon in a Gas Recycle Condensate Reservoir. Proceedings of the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Einstein, M.A., Castillo, G., Caridad, Y., and Gil, J.C. (2007, January 15\u201318). A novel improved condensate-recovery method by cyclic supercritical CO2 injection. Proceedings of the SPE Latin American & Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, Buenos Aires, Argentina."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2016.09.002","article-title":"Experimental and numerical study of huff-n-puff gas injection to re-vaporize liquid dropout in shale gas condensate reservoirs","volume":"35","author":"Meng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2118\/30714-PA","article-title":"Modeling gas-condensate well deliverability","volume":"11","author":"Fevang","year":"1996","journal-title":"SPE Res. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Odi, U. (2012, January 8\u201310). Analysis and potential of CO2 huff-n-puff for near Wellbore condensate removal and enhanced gas recovery. Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.2118\/160917-STU"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2018.08.103","article-title":"A review of the current progress of CO2 injection EOR and carbon storage in shale oil reservoirs","volume":"236","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, S., Chen, P., Yan, M., Liu, B., Liu, H., and Wang, H. (2020). Model of Effective Width and Fracture Conductivity for Hydraulic Fractures in Tight Reservoirs. Arab. J. Sci. Eng.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-020-04614-3"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2013.11.015","article-title":"Optimization of hydraulic fracture geometry in gas condensate reservoirs","volume":"119","author":"Mahdiyar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.N., Siddiqui, F.I., Mansur, S., and Ali, S.D. (2010, January 10\u201311). Hydraulic Fracturing in Gas Condensate Reservoirs: Successes, Setbacks and Lessons Learnt. Proceedings of the SPE\/PAPG Annual Technical Conference, Islamabad, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.2118\/142848-MS"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Sheng, G., and Su, Y. (2019). Water-Gas Two-Phase Flow Behavior of Multi-Fractured Horizontal Wells in Shale Gas Reservoirs. Processes, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr7100664"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-015-1829-0","article-title":"Investigation of hydraulic fracture networks in shale gas reservoirs with random fractures","volume":"41","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Al-Anazi, H.A., Xiao, J.J., Al-Eidan, A.A., Buhidma, I.M., Ahmed, M.S., Al-Faifi, M., and Assiri, W.J. (June, January 30). Gas productivity enhancement by wettability alteration of gas-condensate reservoirs. Proceedings of the European Formation Damage Conference, Scheveningen, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2020.107342","article-title":"Establishing screening criteria for field application of wettability alteration in gas-condensate reservoirs","volume":"193","author":"Ajagbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Yami, A.M., Gomez, F.A., Al-Hamed, K.I., and Al-Buali, M.H. (2013, January 19\u201322). A Successful Field Application of a New Chemical Treatment in a Fluid Blocked Well in Saudi Arabia. Proceedings of the SPE Saudi Arabia Section Technical Symposium and Exhibition, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia.","DOI":"10.2118\/168086-MS"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Bang, V. (2007). Development of a Successful Chemical Treatment for Gas Wells with Condensate or Water Blocking Damage. [Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Texas]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.3390\/en6031250","article-title":"Development of specific rules for the application of life cycle assessment to carbon capture and storage","volume":"6","author":"Strazza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2018.12.029","article-title":"The impact of near-wellbore wettability on the production of gas and condensate: Insights from experiments and simulations","volume":"175","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Petrol. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1089\/109287503768335959","article-title":"Fluorinated alkyl surfactants","volume":"20","author":"Schultz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfluchem.2015.01.016","article-title":"Preparation of the modified limestone possessing higher permeability of gas well based on fluorinated silica: Effect of catalyst","volume":"173","author":"Sharifzadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Fluor. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2014.05.019","article-title":"Wettability alteration in gas-condensate carbonate reservoir using anionic fluorinated treatment","volume":"93","author":"Karandish","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owolabi, O.O., and Watson, R.W. (1993, January 2\u20134). Effects of rock-pore characteristics on oil recovery at breakthrough and ultimate oil recovery in water-wet sandstones. Proceedings of the SPE Eastern Regional Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.2523\/26935-MS"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.2118\/122486-PA","article-title":"Effect of salinity on wettability alteration to intermediate gas-wetting","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2118\/96184-PA","article-title":"Wettability Alteration to Intermediate Gas-Wetting in Gas\/condensate Reservoirs at High Temperatures","volume":"12","author":"Fahes","year":"2007","journal-title":"SPE J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, V., Bang, V.S.S., Pope, G.A., Sharma, M.M., Ayyalasomayajula, P.S., and Kamath, J. (2006, January 24\u201327). Chemical stimulation of gas\/condensate reservoirs. SPE 102669. Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.2523\/102669-MS"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2118\/62515-PA","article-title":"Experimental study of wettability alteration to preferential gas-wetting in porous media and its effects","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"SPE Res. Eval. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2019.106530","article-title":"Experimental investigation of wettability alteration of carbonate gas-condensate reservoirs from oil-wetting to gas-wetting using Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with Poly (vinyl alcohol),(PVA) or Hydroxyapatite (HAp)","volume":"184","author":"Safaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Petrol. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2015.02.006","article-title":"Wettability alteration: A comprehensive review of materials\/methods and testing the selected ones on heavy-oil containing oil-wet systems","volume":"220","author":"Mohammed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Coll. Inter. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., and Rao, D.N. (2011, January 11\u201313). Experimental Study of Spreading and Wettability Effects by Surfactants in Condensate Reservoirs at Reservoir Conditions. Proceedings of the SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry, The Woodlands, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.2118\/141016-MS"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"40","article-title":"Spontaneous imbibition of water by crude oil\/brine\/rock systems","volume":"15","author":"Jadhunandan","year":"1991","journal-title":"In Situ (United States)"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2011.08.001","article-title":"Enhanced gas-condensate production by wettability alteration to gas wetness","volume":"78","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11242-015-0509-6","article-title":"Wettability alteration of reservoir rocks from liquid wetting to gas wetting using nanofluid","volume":"109","author":"Aminnaji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Porous Media"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"997","article-title":"Wettability alteration of reservoir rocks to gas wetting condition: A comparative study","volume":"96","author":"Ghazanfari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayed, M., Liang, F., and Ow, H. (2018, January 7\u20139). Novel surface modified nanoparticles for mitigation of condensate and water blockage in gas reservoirs. Proceedings of the SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control, Lafayette, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.2118\/189959-MS"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Sayed, M., Liang, F., and Ow, H. (May, January 30). Novel surface modified nanoparticles for long-lasting mitigation of water and condensate blockage in gas reservoirs. Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-016-2183-6","article-title":"Characterizing the role of clay and silica nanoparticles in enhanced heavy oil recovery during polymer flooding","volume":"41","author":"Khalilinezhad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.2118\/1023-G","article-title":"Calculation of relative permeability from displacement experiments","volume":"216","author":"Johnson","year":"1959","journal-title":"Trans. AIME"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-005-2408-7","article-title":"Dynamic surface properties, wettability and mimic oil recovery of ethanediyl-\u03b1, \u03b2-bis (cetyldimethylammonium bromide) on dodecane modified silica powder","volume":"40","author":"Bi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11743-010-1193-8","article-title":"Enhanced wettability alteration by surfactants with multiple hydrophilic moieties","volume":"13","author":"Salehi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Surfactants Deterg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11743-015-1776-5","article-title":"A review of gemini surfactants: Potential application in enhanced oil recovery","volume":"19","author":"Kamal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Surfactants Deterg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pis\u00e1r\u010dik, M., Polakovi\u010dov\u00e1, M., Markuliak, M., Luk\u00e1\u010d, M., and Dev\u00ednsky, F. (2019). Self-Assembly Properties of Cationic Gemini Surfactants with Biodegradable Groups in the Spacer. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24081481"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labena, A., Hegazy, M.A., Sami, R.M., and Hozzein, W.N. (2020). Multiple applications of a novel cationic gemini surfactant: Anti-microbial, anti-biofilm, biocide, salinity corrosion inhibitor, and biofilm dispersion (Part II). Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25061348"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Tiab, D., and Donaldson, E.C. (2015). Petrophysics: Theory and Practice of Measuring Reservoir Rock and Fluid Transport Properties, Gulf professional publishing."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Brooks, R.H., and Corey, A.T. (1964). Hydraulic Properties of Porous Media, Colorado State University. Hydrology Papers No. 3."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.111837","article-title":"Effect of aromatic spacer groups and counterions on aqueous micellar and thermal properties of the synthesized quaternary ammonium gemini surfactants","volume":"296","author":"Hussain","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/13\/3030\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:46:31Z","timestamp":1760175991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/13\/3030"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25133030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25133030","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1420-3049"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]]}}}