{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:09:49Z","timestamp":1790226589648,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Any release of radioactive cesium-137, due to unintentional accidents in nuclear plants, represents a dangerous threat for human health and the environment. Prussian blue has been widely studied and used as an antidote for humans exposed to acute internal contamination by Cs-137, due to its ability to act as a selective adsorption agent and to its negligible toxicity. In the present work, the synthesis protocol has been revisited avoiding the use of organic solvents to obtain Prussian blue nanoparticles with morphological and textural properties, which positively influence its Cs+ binding capacity compared to a commercially available Prussian blue sample. The reduction of the particle size and the increase in the specific surface area and pore volume values compared to the commercial Prussian blue reference led to a more rapid uptake of caesium in simulated enteric fluid solution (+35% after 1 h of contact). Then, after 24 h of contact, both solids were able to remove &gt;98% of the initial Cs+ content. The Prussian blue nanoparticles showed a weak inhibition of the bacterial luminescence in the aqueous phase and no chronic detrimental toxic effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25153447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T12:15:38Z","timestamp":1596111338000},"page":"3447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["More Efficient Prussian Blue Nanoparticles for an Improved Caesium Decontamination from Aqueous Solutions and Biological Fluids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6268-1687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Carniato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica and \u201cCentro interdisciplinare Nano-SiSTeMI\u201d, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, via T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Gatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica and \u201cCentro interdisciplinare Nano-SiSTeMI\u201d, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, via T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Vittoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica and \u201cCentro interdisciplinare Nano-SiSTeMI\u201d, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, via T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey M.","family":"Katsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 295051 Simferopol, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9759-2561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Guidotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-SCITEC Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche \u201cGiulio Natta\u201d, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8855-2592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Evangelisti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-ICCOM Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7591-5104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Bisio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica and \u201cCentro interdisciplinare Nano-SiSTeMI\u201d, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, via T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Observation and experiments upon the foregoing preparation","volume":"33","author":"Brown","year":"1724","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"61","article-title":"On the discovery and history of Prussian blue","volume":"33","author":"Kraft","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. Hist. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2007.11.049","article-title":"Quantitative determination of cesium binding to ferric hexacyanoferrate: Prussian blue","volume":"47","author":"Faustino","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2019.1644932","article-title":"Acute and late effects of combined internal and external radiation exposures on the hematopoietic system","volume":"95","author":"Calvi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Palis, Int. J. Rad. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3697(02)00378-5","article-title":"Behavior of Prussian blue-based materials in presence of ammonia","volume":"64","author":"Balmaseda","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46625","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA06618F","article-title":"\u201cSoluble\u201d vs.\u201cinsoluble\u201d Prussian blue based catalysts: Influence on Fenton-type treatment","volume":"6","author":"Doumic","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.2001.2060","article-title":"The Interaction of Prussian Blue and Dissolved Hexacyanoferrate Ions with Goethite (\u03b1-FeOOH) Studied to Assess the Chemical Stability and Physical Mobility of Prussian blue in Soils","volume":"49","author":"Scholz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00785a015","article-title":"Preparation of ferrous ferricyanide (not Turnbull\u2019s Blue)","volume":"95","author":"Cosgrove","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1021\/ic50177a008","article-title":"The crystal structure of Prussian blue: Fe4[Fe (CN)6]3. xH2O","volume":"16","author":"Buser","year":"1977","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4767","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00382a006","article-title":"Spectroelectrochemistry and electrochemical preparation method of Prussian blue modified electrodes","volume":"104","author":"Itaya","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2015.08.029","article-title":"Prussian blue non-woven filter for cesium removal from drinking water","volume":"153","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Separ. Purif. Techn."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37009","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37009","article-title":"Cellulose nanofiber backboned Prussian blue nanoparticles as powerful adsorbents for the selective elimination of radioactive cesium","volume":"6","author":"Vipin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3685964","article-title":"Radiation Accident Grips Goi\u00e2nia","volume":"238","author":"Roberts","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.08.076","article-title":"Thallium (I) sorption using Prussian blue immobilized in alginate capsules","volume":"99","author":"Vincent","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1515\/znb-1987-1114","article-title":"In vitro study of 137Cs sorption by hexacyanoferrates (II)","volume":"42","author":"Nielsen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.21.17.1364.34426","article-title":"Prussian blue for treatment of radiocesium poisoning","volume":"21","author":"Thompson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7997","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CS00397K","article-title":"New faces of porous Prussian blue: Interfacial assembly of integrated hetero-structures for sensing applications","volume":"44","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-5387(00)81664-2","article-title":"On the interactions of ozone with manganous hexacyanoferrates","volume":"13","author":"Reguera","year":"1994","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.03.134","article-title":"Flexible H2O2 microfluidic fuel cell using graphene\/Prussian blue catalyst for high performance","volume":"369","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604307","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201604307","article-title":"Potassium prussian blue nanoparticles: A low-cost cathode material for potassium-ion batteries","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706825","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201706825","article-title":"Hollow structures based on prussian blue and its analogs for electrochemical energy storage and conversion","volume":"31","author":"Nai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2016.05.007","article-title":"Prussian blue for electrochromic devices","volume":"777","author":"Assis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S183858","article-title":"Large-scale synthesis of monodisperse Prussian blue nanoparticles for cancer theranostics via an \u201cin situ modification\u201d strategy","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2019.102138","article-title":"Photomagnetic Prussian blue nanocubes: Synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications","volume":"24","author":"Dumani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotech. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2020, June 22). International Atomic Energy Agency\/Power Reactor Information System. 2019. The Data-Base on Nuclear Power Reactors. Available online: https:\/\/pris.iaea.org\/pris\/."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/23779497.2018.1509675","article-title":"Assessing chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear threats to the food supply chain","volume":"3","author":"Meulenbelt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Sec. Health Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2007.04.028","article-title":"Rays as weapons","volume":"63","author":"Vogel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2018.06.062","article-title":"Graphene-prussian blue nanocomposite impregnated in alginate for efficient removal of cesium from aquatic environment","volume":"6","author":"Basu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2017.11.034","article-title":"Porous hydrogel containing Prussian blue nanoparticles for effective cesium ion adsorption in aqueous media","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4491\/eer.2018.177","article-title":"Immobilization of Prussian blue nanoparticles in acrylic acid-surface functionalized poly (vinyl alcohol) sponges for cesium adsorption","volume":"24","author":"Wi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.234","article-title":"Prussian blue immobilized cellulosic filter for the removal of aqueous cesium","volume":"670","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Env."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4447","DOI":"10.1021\/cm4029935","article-title":"An original \u201cclick and bind\u201d approach for immobilizing copper hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles on mesoporous silica","volume":"25","author":"Turgis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.05.137","article-title":"Selective adsorption of cesium from an aqueous solution by a montmorillonite-prussian blue hybrid","volume":"349","author":"Aulia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2019-0085","article-title":"In vivo removal of radioactive cesium compound using Prussian blue-deposited iron oxide nanoparticles","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.06.037","article-title":"Photocatalytic enhancement of cesium removal by Prussian blue-deposited TiO2","volume":"357","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121568","article-title":"Prussian blue nanocubes decorated on nitrogen-doped hierarchically porous carbon network for efficient sorption of radioactive cesium","volume":"385","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rauwel, P., and Rauwel, E. (2019). Towards the Extraction of Radioactive Cesium-137 from Water via Graphene\/CNT and Nanostructured Prussian Blue Hybrid Nanocomposites: A Review. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9050682"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(94)90116-3","article-title":"Studies of any toxicological effects of Prussian blue compounds in mammals\u2014A review","volume":"32","author":"Pearce","year":"1994","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2006.09.010","article-title":"Comparison of Prussian blue and apple-pectin efficacy on 137Cs decorporation in rats","volume":"88","author":"Taran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2017.09.014","article-title":"Recent advances in Prussian blue and Prussian blue analogues: Synthesis and thermal treatments","volume":"352","author":"Zakaria","year":"2017","journal-title":"C. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)19539-3","article-title":"Fabrication of Prussian blue\/multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode for electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide","volume":"7","author":"Farah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.627","article-title":"Rapid preparation of flexible porous coordination polymer nanocrystals with accelerated guest adsorption kinetics","volume":"2","author":"Tanaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201700628","article-title":"Use of screen-printed electrodes modified by prussian blue and analogues in sensing of cysteine","volume":"30","author":"Bonacin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13305","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR03579A","article-title":"A Prussian blue anode for high performance electrochemical deionization promoted by the faradaic mechanism","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12140","DOI":"10.1021\/jp901060v","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and magnetically controlled release behavior of novel core\u2212 shell structural magnetic ibuprofen-intercalated LDH nanohybrids","volume":"113","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10033","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NJ05983K","article-title":"Synthetic saponite clays as promising solids for lanthanide ion recovery","volume":"44","author":"Marchesi","year":"2020","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02233563","article-title":"Ionic Constituents and Osmolality of Gastric and Small-Intestinal Fluids after Eating","volume":"11","author":"Fordtran","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am. J. Digest. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"59","article-title":"New thermophilic luminescent bacteria evolved from the Azov Sea","volume":"17","author":"Katsev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tavrida Med. Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.066","article-title":"Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay for ecotoxicity assessment: A review","volume":"626","author":"Abbas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Env."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1812","article-title":"Physico-chemical Properties, Biological and Environmental Impact of Nb-saponites Catalysts for the Oxidative Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agents","volume":"2","author":"Costenaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Select."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2015.02.023","article-title":"Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel structural hybrids of benzofuroxan and benzothiazole derivatives","volume":"93","author":"Chugunova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2007.07.012","article-title":"Action of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine on bacterial cells is determined by hydrogen peroxide","volume":"634","author":"Zavilgelsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Gene. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/15\/3447\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:52:35Z","timestamp":1760176355000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/15\/3447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25153447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25153447","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]}}}