{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:11:28Z","timestamp":1792789888312,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,6]],"date-time":"2020-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2018M3A9C4076478"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018M3A9C4076478"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, South Korea","award":["2019R1A6A1A11036849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A6A1A11036849"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chlorogenic acid (CGA), an ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid, is among the phenolic acid compounds which can be naturally found in green coffee extract and tea. CGA has been studied since it displays significant pharmacological properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CGA on cognitive function and neuroprotection including its mechanisms in the hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. Memory and learning following the ischemia was investigated by eight-arm radial maze and passive avoidance tests. Neuroprotection was examined by immunohistochemistry for neuronal nuclei-specific protein and Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence staining. For mechanisms of the neuroprotection, alterations in copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase (SOD1), SOD2 as antioxidant enzymes, dihydroethidium and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal as indicators for oxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) and IL-2) were examined by Western blotting and\/or immunohistochemistry. As a result, pretreatment with 30 mg\/kg CGA attenuated cognitive impairment and displayed a neuroprotective effect against transient forebrain ischemia (TFI). In Western blotting, the expression levels of SOD2 and IL-4 were increased due to pretreatment with CGA and, furthermore, 4-HNE production and IL-4 expressions were inhibited by CGA pretreatment. Additionally, pretreated CGA enhanced antioxidant enzymes and anti-inflammatory cytokines and, in contrast, attenuated oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Based on these results, we suggest that CGA can be a useful neuroprotective material against ischemia-reperfusion injury due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T07:25:03Z","timestamp":1597044303000},"page":"3578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Experimental Pretreatment with Chlorogenic Acid Prevents Transient Ischemia-Induced Cognitive Decline and Neuronal Damage in the Hippocampus through Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Tae-Kyeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0314-5195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Il-Jun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gsangwon 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bora","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Jin","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dae- Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457 Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Hyeon","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Chul","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungwoo","family":"Ryoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myoung Cheol","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Hwi","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8326-7768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Myeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon Ha","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University-Gyeongju, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk, 38066, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7178-6501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moo-Ho","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, 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