{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T03:23:22Z","timestamp":1782703402481,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,6]],"date-time":"2020-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies have reported that estrogen hormone promotes melanogenesis while progesterone inhibits it. A selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), tamoxifen, has been shown to promote melanogenesis; however, to date, there have been no reports on the effects of a selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM) on melanogenesis. In the present study, we hypothesized that asoprisnil (AP), a SPRM, inhibits melanogenesis. AP was tested for cytotoxicity to B16F10 mouse melanoma cells for screening the nontoxic concentrations using MTS cytotoxicity assay. Extracellular and intracellular melanin levels were estimated at nontoxic concentrations of AP. To evaluate the direct effect of AP on tyrosinase enzyme, tyrosinase activity and copper chelating activities were measured. Next, the effects of AP on melanogenesis were tested in normal human melanocytes, neonatal, darkly pigmented (HEMn-DP). Our results demonstrate that AP was nontoxic at a concentration range of 10\u201350 \u03bcM in B16F10 cells; AP at 50 \u03bcM significantly suppressed extracellular melanin levels comparable to kojic acid at 500 \u03bcM, with no significant effect on intracellular melanin levels. The mechanism of melanogenesis inhibition was studied to assess if AP downregulated tyrosinase activity in cell lysates or in a cell-free system. However, AP was found to increase intracellular tyrosinase activity without any effect on tyrosinase enzyme activity or copper chelating activity in a cell-free system, indicating that AP inhibits melanogenesis by mechanisms other than direct effects on tyrosinase enzyme activity. The capacity of AP to inhibit melanosome export was further validated in HEMn-DP cells; AP significantly suppressed dendricity at concentrations of 20 and 30 \u03bcM in the absence of effects on melanin synthesis or intracellular tyrosinase activity. In addition, AP was nontoxic to human keratinocytes (HaCaT) at these concentrations, validating its safety for topical use. Taken together, our preliminary results demonstrate that AP might be repurposed as a candidate therapeutic for treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders via a unique mechanism, which encompasses a selective inhibition of melanosome export.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T07:25:03Z","timestamp":1597044303000},"page":"3581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Asoprisnil, a Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulator (SPRM), Inhibits Melanosome Export in B16F10 Cells and HEMn-DP Melanocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5760-6669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shilpi","family":"Goenka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanford","family":"R. Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05660","article-title":"Melanocyte biology and skin pigmentation","volume":"445","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6649rev","article-title":"Human skin pigmentation: Melanocytes modulate skin color in response to stress","volume":"21","author":"Costin","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.106567","article-title":"The melanocyte lineage in development and disease","volume":"142","author":"Mort","year":"2015","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-711X(87)90095-4","article-title":"Mammalian tyrosinase\u2014The critical regulatory control point in melanocyte pigmentation","volume":"19","author":"Hearing","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. 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