{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:09:16Z","timestamp":1792019356494,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EMR-2016\/003715\/BBM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMR-2016\/003715\/BBM"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Radiation Oncology Program","award":["NSF-1802588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF-1802588"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac glycosides (CGs) have a long history of treating cardiac diseases. However, recent reports have suggested that CGs also possess anticancer and antiviral activities. The primary mechanism of action of these anticancer agents is by suppressing the Na+\/k+-ATPase by decreasing the intracellular K+ and increasing the Na+ and Ca2+. Additionally, CGs were known to act as inhibitors of IL8 production, DNA topoisomerase I and II, anoikis prevention and suppression of several target genes responsible for the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. Moreover, CGs were reported to be effective against several DNA and RNA viral species such as influenza, human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, coronavirus, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus and Ebola virus. CGs were reported to suppress the HIV-1 gene expression, viral protein translation and alters viral pre-mRNA splicing to inhibit the viral replication. To date, four CGs (Anvirzel, UNBS1450, PBI05204 and digoxin) were in clinical trials for their anticancer activity. This review encapsulates the current knowledge about CGs as anticancer and antiviral drugs in isolation and in combination with some other drugs to enhance their efficiency. Further studies of this class of biomolecules are necessary to determine their possible inhibitory role in cancer and viral diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T09:04:16Z","timestamp":1597050256000},"page":"3596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Anticancer and Antiviral Properties of Cardiac Glycosides: A Review to Explore the Mechanism of Actions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Dhanasekhar","family":"Reddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya (P.O), Kasaragod, Kerala 671320, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0751-5491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranjith","family":"Kumavath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periya (P.O), Kasaragod, Kerala 671320, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2557-7768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debmalya","family":"Barh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur WB-721172, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4775-2280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasco","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Gen\u00e9tica Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal deMinas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3880-5886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Preetam","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lichota, A., and Gwozdzinski, K. 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