{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T05:42:02Z","timestamp":1771306922334,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR- 2011-02352816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR- 2011-02352816"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20157ATSLF_002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20157ATSLF_002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004462","name":"Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PB05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PB05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004462","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014810","name":"Fondazione di Sardegna","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Prat. 2016.0917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Prat. 2016.0917"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014810","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies have suggested that oxidative stress may heighten atherosclerotic burden in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but direct evidence is lacking. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between established plasma oxidative stress biomarkers and peripheral endothelial dysfunction (ED), a marker of early atherosclerosis, in RA. Methods: Paroxonase-1 (PON-1), protein-SH (PSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in 164 RA patient s and 100 age- and sex-matched healthy controls without previous cardiovascular events. Peripheral ED, evaluated by flow-mediated pulse amplitude tonometry, was defined by log-transformed reactive hyperemia index (Ln-RHI) values &lt; 0.51. Results: PON-1 activity and PSH concentrations were significantly reduced in RA patients compared to controls. In regression analysis, increased plasma MDA levels were significantly associated with reduced Ln-RHI [B coefficient (95% CI) = \u22120.003 (\u22120.005 to \u22120.0008), p = 0.008] and the presence of peripheral ED (OR (95% CI) = 1.75 (1.06\u20132.88), p = 0.028). Contrary to our expectations, increased PON-1 activity was significantly associated, albeit weakly, with the presence of ED (OR (95% CI) = 1.00 (1.00\u20131.01), p = 0.017). Conclusions: In this first evidence of a link between oxidative stress and markers of atherosclerosis, MDA and PON-1 showed opposite associations with peripheral vasodilatory capacity and the presence of ED in RA. Further studies are needed to determine whether this association predicts atherosclerotic events in the RA population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25173855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T10:48:24Z","timestamp":1598352504000},"page":"3855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Peripheral Endothelial Dysfunction in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Monocentric Cross-Sectional Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Stefania","family":"Bassu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8396-0968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Zinellu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3717-3437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Sotgia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8699-1412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arduino Aleksander","family":"Mangoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide 5001, Australia"},{"name":"Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Floris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, University Clinic and AOU of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Farina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Passiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartmento di Specialit\u00e0 Mediche, UOC di Reumatologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6985-4907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciriaco","family":"Carru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6818-7666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gian Luca","family":"Erre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartmento di Specialit\u00e0 Mediche, UOC di Reumatologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18001","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.1","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"4","author":"Smolen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30173-8","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"388","author":"Smolen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-018-4039-8","article-title":"Coronary flow reserve in systemic rheumatic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Erre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060515593255","article-title":"Asymmetric dimethylarginine and arterial stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A case\u2013control study","volume":"44","author":"Erre","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2019.02.018","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis patients have higher prevalence and burden of asymptomatic coronary artery disease assessed by coronary computed tomography: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Hansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"516","article-title":"QT and QT dispersion intervals in long-standing and moderately active rheumatoid arthritis: Results from a multicentre cross-sectional study","volume":"38","author":"Erre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6548715","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6548715","article-title":"Prevalence and Determinants of Peripheral Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"2018","author":"Erre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2020.104038","article-title":"Comprehensive arginine metabolomics and peripheral vasodilatory capacity in rheumatoid arthritis: A monocentric cross-sectional study","volume":"131","author":"Erre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k1036","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k1036","article-title":"Increased cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis: Mechanisms and implications","volume":"361","author":"England","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-185X.2011.01630.x","article-title":"Oxidative stress in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis patients: Relationship to disease manifestations and activity","volume":"14","author":"Hassan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930701574331","article-title":"Enhanced recognition of reactive oxygen species damaged human serum albumin by circulating systemic lupus erythematosus autoantibodies","volume":"40","author":"Rasheed","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1095","article-title":"Iloprost therapy acutely decreases oxidative stress in patients affected by systemic sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Erre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"90","article-title":"Antioxidant effect of iloprost: Current knowledge and therapeutic implications for systemic sclerosis","volume":"61","author":"Erre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reumatismo"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-014-0123-7","article-title":"Oxidative stress-dependent activation of collagen synthesis is induced in human pulmonary smooth muscle cells by sera from patients with scleroderma-associated pulmonary hypertension","volume":"9","author":"Boin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1179\/135100005X83680","article-title":"ROS as signalling molecules in T cells-Evidence for abnormal redox signalling in the autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"10","author":"Griffiths","year":"2005","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souliotis, V.L., Vlachogiannis, N.I., Pappa, M., Argyriou, A., Ntouros, P.A., and Sfikakis, P.P. (2020). DNA damage response and oxidative stress in systemic autoimmunity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010055"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1649","article-title":"Paraoxonase inhibits high-density lipoprotein oxidation and preserves its functions: A possible peroxidative role for paraoxonase","volume":"101","author":"Aviram","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.01.019","article-title":"Purified human paraoxonase-1 interacts with plasma membrane lipid rafts and mediates cholesterol efflux from macrophages","volume":"52","author":"Berrougui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"226","article-title":"Review: The role of paraoxonase in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"45","author":"Kowalska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.11.1265","article-title":"Relationship of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene polymorphisms and functional activity with systemic oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk","volume":"299","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39609","article-title":"Paraoxonase 1 Activity Is Modulated by the rs662 Polymorphism and IgG Anti-High-Density Lipoprotein Antibodies in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Potential Implications for Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"68","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Banna, H., and Jiman-Fatani, A. (2014). Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and paraoxonase-1 polymorphism in rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-379"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(03)00195-4","article-title":"Serum paraoxonase activity decreases in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"72","author":"Tanimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00417.x","article-title":"Cysteinylation and homocysteinylation of plasma protein thiols during ageing of healthy human beings","volume":"13","author":"Rossi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"667","article-title":"The association between plasma thiol levels and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patient with hypertension","volume":"75","author":"Erkus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.06.016","article-title":"A novel oxidative stress marker in acute myocardial infarction; Thiol\/disulphide homeostasis","volume":"33","author":"Kundi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3109\/14017431.2015.1013153","article-title":"Association of thiol\/disulfide ratio with syntax score in patients with NSTEMI","volume":"49","author":"Kundi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. Cardiovasc. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2008.01.029","article-title":"Lipid, protein, DNA oxidation and antioxidant status in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"41","author":"Seven","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2003.08.011","article-title":"Antioxidant status in rheumatoid arthritis and role of antioxidant therapy","volume":"338","author":"Jaswal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Chimica Acta"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760600902302","article-title":"Lipofuscin-like fluorophores originated from malondialdehyde","volume":"40","author":"Uchida","year":"2006","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"6097417","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Relevance in the Pathogenesis of the Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review","volume":"2016","author":"Del","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38969","article-title":"Malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde adducts and anti-malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"67","author":"Thiele","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40900","article-title":"Malondialdehyde\u2013Acetaldehyde Adducts and Antibody Responses in Rheumatoid Arthritis\u2013Associated Interstitial Lung Disease","volume":"71","author":"England","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.4.840","article-title":"Lipoprotein oxidation and progression of carotid atherosclerosis","volume":"95","author":"Salonen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.985150","article-title":"Rapid, direct effects of statin treatment on arterial redox state and nitric oxide bioavailability in human atherosclerosis via tetrahydrobiopterin- mediated endothelial nitric oxide synthase coupling","volume":"124","author":"Antoniades","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.08.029","article-title":"Serum levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances predict cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary artery disease: A longitudinal analysis of the PREVENT study","volume":"44","author":"Walter","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, D.R., Duryee, M.J., Shurmur, S.W., Um, J.Y., Bussey, W.D., Hunter, C.D., Garvin, R.P., Sayles, H.R., Mikuls, T.R., and Klassen, L.W. (2014). Unique antibody responses to malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde (MAA)-protein adducts predict coronary artery disease. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107440"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-017-1106-1","article-title":"HDL cholesterol: Reappraisal of its clinical relevance","volume":"106","author":"Kleber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"307","article-title":"Serum oxidation activities and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"9","author":"Nakamura","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Tissue React."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3109\/13506120209114817","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines but not acute phase serum amyloid A or C-reactive protein, downregulate paraoxonase 1 (PON1) expression by HepG2 cells","volume":"9","author":"Kumon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0701390","article-title":"Effect of the molecular polymorphisms of human paraoxonase (PON1) on the rate of hydrolysis of paraoxon","volume":"122","author":"Mackness","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaragoza-Garc\u00eda, O., Guzm\u00e1n-Guzm\u00e1n, I.P., Moreno-God\u00ednez, M.E., Navarro-Zarza, J.E., Antonio-Vejar, V., Ram\u00edrez, M., and Parra-Rojas, I. (2020). PON-1 haplotype (-108C > T, L55M, and Q192R) modulates the serum levels and activity PONase promoting an atherogenic lipid profile in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin. Rheumatol., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05218-w"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"398","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis: A multiparametric analysis using imaging techniques and laboratory markers of inflammation and autoimmunity","volume":"35","author":"Kerekes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04499-0","article-title":"Associations between paraoxonase 1 (PON1) polymorphisms and susceptibility and PON1 activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients, and comparison of PON1 activity in patients and controls: A meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Bae","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38118","article-title":"Association of paraoxonase 1 gene polymorphism and enzyme activity with carotid plaque in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"65","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"CE01","article-title":"Homocysteine, Paraoxonase-1 and vascular endothelial dysfunction: Omnibus viis romam pervenitur","volume":"8","author":"Eren","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagnostic Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-11-99","article-title":"Serum thiols and cardiovascular risk scores: A combined assessment of transsulfuration pathway components and substrate\/product ratios","volume":"11","author":"Mangoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27584","article-title":"2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: An American College of Rheumatology\/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative","volume":"62","author":"Aletaha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"100","article-title":"Purification of human serum paraoxonase\/arylesterase. Evidence for one esterase catalyzing both activities","volume":"19","author":"Gan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(59)90090-6","article-title":"Tissue sulfhydryl groups","volume":"82","author":"Ellman","year":"1959","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent","volume":"193","author":"LOWRY","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(90)86134-H","article-title":"Determination of aldehydic lipid peroxidation products: Malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal","volume":"186","author":"Esterbauer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.08.062","article-title":"Noninvasive identification of patients with early coronary atherosclerosis by assessment of digital reactive hyperemia","volume":"44","author":"Bonetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/17\/3855\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:06:09Z","timestamp":1760177169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/17\/3855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25173855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25173855","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]}}}