{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T22:10:31Z","timestamp":1790460631752,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No 734276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 734276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We report a comparison of sensors\u2019 performance of different hybrid nanomaterial architectures modifying an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode surface. Diazonium salts and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used as building units to design hybrid thin films of successive layers on the ITO electrode surface. Different architectures of hybrid thin films were prepared and characterized with different techniques, such as TEM, FEG-SEM, XPS, and EIS. The prepared electrodes were used to fabricate sensors for heavy metal detection and their performances were investigated using the square wave voltammetry (SWV) method. The comparison of the obtained results shows that the deposition of AuNPs on the ITO surface, and their subsequent functionalization by diazonium salt, is the best performing architecture achieving a high sensitivity in terms of the lower detection limit of pico molar.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25173903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T09:47:02Z","timestamp":1598521622000},"page":"3903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Different Electrochemical Sensor Designs Based on Diazonium Salts and Gold Nanoparticles for Pico Molar Detection of Metals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Zouhair","family":"Ait-Touchente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University-CNRS, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Falah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University-CNRS, 75005 Paris, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de Tunis, Universit\u00e9 El Manar, Campus Universitaire El Manar II, Tunis El Manar 2029, Tunisie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Scavetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Chemistry \u201cToso Montanari\u201d, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6098-983X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed M.","family":"Chehimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, Universit\u00e9 Paris Est Cr\u00e9teil, 2-8 rue Dunant, F-94320 Thiais, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7333-697X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachid","family":"Touzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Chemistry &amp; Environment, Faculty of Science, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda 60000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2844-9817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenica","family":"Tonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Chemistry \u201cToso Montanari\u201d, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9453-7575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelhafed","family":"Taleb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University-CNRS, 75005 Paris, France"},{"name":"Sorbonne universit\u00e9, 4 place Jussieu, 75231 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"501","article-title":"Heavy metal induced oxidative stress and its reversal by chelation therapy","volume":"128","author":"Flora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ind. 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