{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T12:38:08Z","timestamp":1776688688353,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009509","name":"Kementerian Riset Teknologi Dan Pendidikan Tinggi Republik Indonesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1973\/UN1.DITLIT\/DIT-LIT\/LT\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1973\/UN1.DITLIT\/DIT-LIT\/LT\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009509","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The identification of adulteration practices of medicinal plants used as herbal medicine is very important to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy. In this study, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR)-based metabolite fingerprinting coupled with multivariate analysis were used for authentication of Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract from Curcuma aeruginosa. Curcumin contents obtained from C. xanthorrhiza extract from various regions were in the range of 0.74%\u20131.23%. Meanwhile, curcumin contents obtained from C. xanthorrhiza extract adulterated with 0%, 10%, 25%, 40%, 50%, and 75% of C. aeruginosa were 1.02%, 0.96%, 0.86%, 0.69%, 0.43%, and 0.27%, respectively. The decreasing of curcumin contents in adulterant concentrations of 40% and more in C. xanthorrhiza rhizome could indicate the adulteration with other rhizomes. Multivariate analysis of PCA (principal component analysis) using data set obtained from 1H-NMR spectra clearly discriminated pure and adulterated C. xanthorrhiza with C. aeruginosa. OPLS-DA (orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis) successfully classified pure and adulterated C. xanthorrhiza with higher R2X (0.965), R2Y (0.958), and Q2(cum) (0.93). It can be concluded that 1H-NMR-based metabolite fingerprinting coupled with PCA and OPLS-DA offers an adequate method to assess adulteration practice and to evaluate the authentication of C. xanthorrhiza extracts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25173928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T10:23:08Z","timestamp":1598610188000},"page":"3928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The Authentication of Java Turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) Using Thin Layer Chromatography and 1H-NMR Based-Metabolite Fingerprinting Coupled with Multivariate Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Abdul","family":"Rohman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia"},{"name":"Institute of Halal Industry and Systems (IHIS), Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7118-7237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresia","family":"Wijayanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2235-7575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anjar","family":"Windarsih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division for Natural Product Technology (BPTBA), Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sugeng","family":"Riyanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"732","article-title":"A new method of xanthorrhizol isolation from the rhizome extract of Curcuma xanthorrhiza","volume":"4","author":"Ramdani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sch. Acad. J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl132","article-title":"In vitro anticandidal activity of xanthorrhizol isolated from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb","volume":"57","author":"Rukayadi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemoter."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/438356","article-title":"Correlation between chemical composition of curcuma domestica and curcuma xanthorrhiza and their antioxidant effect on human low-density lipoprotein oxidation","volume":"2012","author":"Jantan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Husni, Z.B. (2016). Andrographis paniculata and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Extracts and Active Constituents Inhibit Morphine Glucuronidation. [Thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia]. Available online: http:\/\/eprints.usm.my\/32348\/1\/ZULHILMI_HUSNI_24%28NN%29.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"69","article-title":"Antimicrobial and identification of active compound Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb","volume":"12","author":"Mangunwardoyo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ijbas"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1108\/00070700410558201","article-title":"Isolation and amplification of DNA from turmeric powder","volume":"106","author":"Remya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. Food J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.22146\/ijc.21423","article-title":"Differentiation of Curcuma longa, Curcuma xanthorrhiza and Zingiber cassumunar by thin layer chromatography fingerprint analysis","volume":"11","author":"Rafi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indones. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.29244\/jjidn.v1i2.30607","article-title":"Fingerprint study of Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizome by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)","volume":"1","author":"Wikara","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Jamu Indones."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-015-0110-1","article-title":"Curcuminoid\u2019s content and fingerprint analysis for authentication and discrimination of Curcuma xanthorrhiza from Curcuma longa by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector","volume":"8","author":"Rafi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9535","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19079535","article-title":"Secondary metabolite profiling of Curcuma species grown at different locations using GC\/TOF and UPLC\/Q-TOF MS","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.759","article-title":"Quantitative determination of curcuminoids in Curcuma rhizomes and rapid differentiation of Curcuma domestica Val. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. by capillary electrophoresis","volume":"15","author":"Lechtenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s40011-016-0709-z","article-title":"High performance thin layer chromatography fingerprint profile of rhizome extracts of five important Curcuma species","volume":"87","author":"Kharade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5153","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-019-03986-1","article-title":"A critical review of analytical methods for determination of curcuminoids in turmeric","volume":"56","author":"Kotra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.08.020","article-title":"Phytochemical profiles and biological activities of Curcuma species subjected to different drying methods and solvent systems: NMR-based metabolomics approach","volume":"94","author":"Awin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.237","article-title":"NMR-based metabolomic analysis of Plants","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eri010","article-title":"Metabolite fingerprinting and profiling in plants using NMR","volume":"56","author":"Krishnan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.10.107","article-title":"Evaluation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) adulteration with plant adulterants by 1H NMR Metabolite Fingerprinting","volume":"173","author":"Petrakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2018.08.003","article-title":"Rapid authentication and differentiation of herbal medicine using 1H-NMR fingerprints coupled with chemometrics","volume":"160","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Application of 1H-NMR based metabolite fingerprinting and chemometrics for authentication of Curcuma longa adulterated with C. heyneana","volume":"13","author":"Windarsih","year":"2019","journal-title":"JARMAP"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2007.01.009","article-title":"A practical guide to analytical method validation, including measurement uncertainty and accuracy profiles","volume":"26","author":"Herrador","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trac Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(16)61152-0","article-title":"Variability of curcuminoid content and lack of correlation with cytotoxicity in ethanolic extracts from 20 accessions of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb","volume":"6","author":"Nurcholis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Miller, J.N., and Miller, J.C. (2010). Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry, Prentice Hall. [6th ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/lib.hpu.edu.vn\/handle\/123456789\/28549."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.09.036","article-title":"Phytochemical and biological features of Phyllanthus niruri and Phyllanthus urinaria harvested at different growth stages revealed by 1H NMR-based metabolomics","volume":"77","author":"Mediani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.05.135","article-title":"Non-targeted 1H-NMR fingerprinting and multivariate statistical analysis for the characterization of the geographical origin of Italian sweet cherries","volume":"141","author":"Longobardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olawode, E.O., Tandlich, R., and Cambray, G. (2018). 1H-NMR profiling and chemometrics analysis for selected honeys from South Africa, Zambia, and Slovakia. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23030578"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"92","article-title":"Multivariate analysis in metabolomics","volume":"1","author":"Worley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2015.06.035","article-title":"Metabolomic profiling of the phytomedicinal constituents of Carica papaya L. leaves and seeds by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis","volume":"115","author":"Gogna","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"ICH (2020, January 10). Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1). Int Conf Harmon Tech Requir Regist Pharm for Human Use, Available online: https:\/\/www.gmp-compliance.org\/guidelines\/gmp-guideline\/ich-q2r1-validation-of-analytical-procedures-text-and-methodology."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.06.022","article-title":"Application of chemometrics in quality control of turmeric (Curcuma longa) based on ultraviolet, Fourier transform infrared, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy","volume":"237","author":"Gad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/17\/3928\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:03:57Z","timestamp":1760177037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/17\/3928"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25173928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25173928","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]}}}