{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T12:29:19Z","timestamp":1790944159991,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["207728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["207728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/L002434\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/L002434\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease of medical and veterinary importance, transmitted through specific freshwater snail intermediate hosts, is targeted for elimination in several endemic regions in sub-Saharan Africa. Multi-disciplinary methods are required for both human and environmental diagnostics to certify schistosomiasis elimination when eventually reached. Molecular xenomonitoring protocols, a DNA-based detection method for screening disease vectors, have been developed and trialed for parasites transmitted by hematophagous insects, such as filarial worms and trypanosomes, yet few have been extensively trialed or proven reliable for the intermediate host snails transmitting schistosomes. Here, previously published universal and Schistosoma-specific internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA primers were adapted into a triplex PCR primer assay that allowed for simple, robust, and rapid detection of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis in Bulinus snails. We showed this two-step protocol could sensitively detect DNA of a single larval schistosome from experimentally infected snails and demonstrate its functionality for detecting S. haematobium infections in wild-caught snails from Zanzibar. Such surveillance tools are a necessity for succeeding in and certifying the 2030 control and elimination goals set by the World Health Organization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25174011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T11:07:14Z","timestamp":1599044834000},"page":"4011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Development of a Molecular Snail Xenomonitoring Assay to Detect Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis Infections in their Bulinus Snail Hosts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4898-462X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Pennance","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK"},{"name":"School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK"},{"name":"London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Archer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK"},{"name":"London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena Birgitta","family":"Lugli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penny","family":"Rostron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Llanwarne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK"},{"name":"London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), London W2 1PG, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said Mohammed","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Laboratory\u2013Ivo de Carneri, P.O. Box 122 Chake-Chake, Pemba, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amour Khamis","family":"Amour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Laboratory\u2013Ivo de Carneri, P.O. Box 122 Chake-Chake, Pemba, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khamis Rashid","family":"Suleiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Laboratory\u2013Ivo de Carneri, P.O. Box 122 Chake-Chake, Pemba, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schistosomiasis Resource Centre, Biomedical Research Institute, 9410 Key West, Rockville, MD 20850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1999-1716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Rollinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK"},{"name":"London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo","family":"Cable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Knopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK"},{"name":"London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaali Makame","family":"Ame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Laboratory\u2013Ivo de Carneri, P.O. Box 122 Chake-Chake, Pemba, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0930-9314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonnie Lee","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK"},{"name":"London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12087","article-title":"Immunology of human schistosomiasis","volume":"36","author":"Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, D.S. (1994). 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