{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T14:58:07Z","timestamp":1788188287370,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cannabis is an annual plant with a long history of use as food, feed, fiber, oil, medicine, and narcotics. Despite realizing its true value, it has not yet found its true place. Cannabis has had a long history with many ups and downs, and now it is our turn to promote it. Cannabis contains approximately 600 identified and many yet unidentified potentially useful compounds. Cannabinoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and alkaloids are some of the secondary metabolites present in cannabis. However, among a plethora of unique chemical compounds found in this plant, the most important ones are phytocannabinoids (PCs). Over hundreds of 21-22-carbon compounds exclusively produce in cannabis glandular hairs through either polyketide and or deoxyxylulose phosphate\/methylerythritol phosphate (DOXP\/MEP) pathways. Trans-\u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are those that first come to mind while talking about cannabis. Nevertheless, despite the low concentration, cannabinol (CBN), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabinodiol (CBND), and cannabinidiol (CBDL) may have potentially some medical effects. PCs and endocannabinoids (ECs) mediate their effects mainly through CB1 and CB2 receptors. Despite all concerns regarding cannabis, nobody can ignore the use of cannabinoids as promising tonic, analgesic, antipyretic, antiemetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-epileptic, anticancer agents, which are effective for pain relief, depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, nausea and vomiting, multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular disorders, and appetite stimulation. The scientific community and public society have now increasingly accepted cannabis specifically hemp as much more than a recreational drug. There are growing demands for cannabinoids, mainly CBD, with many diverse therapeutic and nutritional properties in veterinary or human medicine. The main objective of this review article is to historically summarize findings concerning cannabinoids, mainly THC and CBD, towards putting these valuable compounds into food, feed and health baskets and current and future trends in the consumption of products derived from cannabis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25184036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T12:20:06Z","timestamp":1599222006000},"page":"4036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Seyed Alireza","family":"Salami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, University of Tehran, Karaj 31587, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8502-767X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano, 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Giovino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), 90011 Bagheria (PA), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9864-2794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ava","family":"Bachari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Arad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7621-035X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitin","family":"Mantri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.05.019","article-title":"Cannabis tea revisited: A systematic evaluation of the cannabinoid composition of cannabis tea","volume":"113","author":"Hazekamp","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"130","article-title":"Effects of plants and medicinal plant combinations as anti-infectives","volume":"2","author":"Ramesh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Vines, G. (2004). Herbal Harvests with a Future: Towards Sustainable Sources for Medicinal Plants, Plantlife International."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, E. (2004). History of cannabis as a medicine. Medicinal Uses of Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Pharmaceutical Press.","DOI":"10.1300\/J175v03n04_04"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.05.034","article-title":"A new insight into Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae) utilization from 2500-year-old Yanghai Tombs, Xinjiang, China","volume":"108","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15816-5","article-title":"Assessment of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in Iranian Cannabis Germplasm","volume":"7","author":"Soorni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02862859","article-title":"An archaeological and historical account of cannabis in China","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"1973","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1981.10471447","article-title":"The religious and medicinal uses of Cannabis in China, India and Tibet","volume":"13","author":"Touw","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(01)00245-X","article-title":"Characteristics of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed oil","volume":"76","author":"Oomah","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-006-1207-x","article-title":"Analytical characterization of hemp (Cannabis sativa) seed oil from different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan","volume":"83","author":"Anwar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, K., and Weinstein, A.M. (2018). The Effects of Cannabinoids on Executive Functions: Evidence from Cannabis and Synthetic Cannabinoids\u2014A Systematic Review. Brain Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8030040"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R102","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-10-r102","article-title":"The draft genome and transcriptome of Cannabis sativa","volume":"12","author":"Stout","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Boil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12631","article-title":"Cannabidiol: Pharmacology and potential therapeutic role in epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"55","author":"Devinsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2018.00051","article-title":"Cannabis Therapeutics and the Future of Neurology","volume":"12","author":"Russo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.120","article-title":"Smoked Medicinal Cannabis for Neuropathic Pain in HIV: A Randomized, Crossover Clinical Trial","volume":"34","author":"Ellis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"33","article-title":"Hemp for sustainable agricultural systems","volume":"10","author":"Ranalli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Agro Food Industry Hi Tech"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-91-5-0636A","article-title":"First Report of Southern Blight Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii on Hemp (Cannabis sativa) in Sicily and Southern Italy","volume":"91","author":"Pane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/J157v02n03_03","article-title":"Fatty acid content of selected seed oils","volume":"2","author":"Orhan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Herb. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Moreau, R., and Kamal-Eldin, A. (2009). Hempseed Oil. Gourmet and Health-Promoting Specialty Oils, Academic Press and AOCS Press."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Rubin, G. (2020). Tattoo Ink Containing Cannabis or Hemp Derived Cannabinoids or Mixture of Both. (2020\/0069567 A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-008-9094-4","article-title":"Secondary metabolism in cannabis","volume":"7","author":"Verpoorte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.1020150304","article-title":"Genetics of sex determination in flowering plants","volume":"15","author":"Grant","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McPartland, J.M., Clarke, R.C., and Watson, D.P. (2000). Hemp Diseases and Pests: Management and Biological Control\u2014An Advanced Treatise, CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851994543.0000"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557516666161004162133","article-title":"Cannabis: A Treasure Trove or Pandora\u2019s Box?","volume":"17","author":"Solymosi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00019","article-title":"Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules","volume":"7","author":"Andre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheau, C., Badarau, I.A., Mihai, G.L., Scheau, A.-E., Costache, D.O., Constantin, C., Calina, D., Caruntu, C., Costache, R.S., and Caruntu, A. (2020). Cannabinoids in the Pathophysiology of Skin Inflammation. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030652"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phytochemistry of Cannabis sativa L.","volume":"Volume 103","author":"ElSohly","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Chemistry of Mycotoxins"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1021\/np960004a","article-title":"The Volatile Oil Composition of Fresh and Air-Dried Buds of Cannabis sativa","volume":"59","author":"Ross","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6690(00)00051-0","article-title":"Influence of the growth stage of industrial hemp on chemical and physical properties of the fibres","volume":"13","author":"Keller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Pate, D.W. (1999). The Phytochemistry of Cannabis: Its Ecological and Evolutionary Implications. Advance in Hemp Research, Food Product Press."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.03.004","article-title":"Signaling compounds elicit expression of key genes in cannabinoid pathway and related metabolites in cannabis","volume":"133","author":"Jalali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(01)00073-2","article-title":"Role of plant polyphenols in genomic stability","volume":"475","author":"Ferguson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8339.1979.tb01517.x","article-title":"Flavonoid variation in Cannabis L.","volume":"79","author":"Clark","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bot. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/1057563029001\/4863","article-title":"Chemotaxonomic features associated with flavonoids of cannabinoid-free cannabis (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa L.) in relation to hops (Humulus lupulus L.)","volume":"16","author":"Vanhoenacker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.809","article-title":"Flavonoid glycosides and cannabinoids from the pollen of Cannabis sativa L.","volume":"16","author":"Ross","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.124.2.865","article-title":"Gene Induction of Stilbene Biosynthesis in Scots Pine in Response to Ozone Treatment, Wounding, and Fungal Infection","volume":"124","author":"Chiron","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1021\/jf011429s","article-title":"Phytoalexins from the Vitaceae: Biosynthesis, Phytoalexin Gene Expression in Transgenic Plants, Antifungal Activity, and Metabolism","volume":"50","author":"Jeandet","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"203","article-title":"The stilbenoids","volume":"6","author":"Gorham","year":"1980","journal-title":"Prog. Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)88199-6","article-title":"The formation of polyphenols in trees\u2014IV The polyphenols formed in Pinus radiata after Sirex attack","volume":"7","author":"Hillis","year":"1968","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22586","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M101846200","article-title":"Specific Structural Determinants Are Responsible for the Antioxidant Activity and the Cell Cycle Effects of Resveratrol","volume":"276","author":"Stivala","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Boil. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9909196","article-title":"Isolation and Identification of Stilbenes in Two Varieties ofPolygonumcuspidatum","volume":"48","author":"Vastano","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2003.09.015","article-title":"Dihydrophenanthrenes and other antifungal stilbenoids from Stemona cf","volume":"65","author":"Kostecki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pierrei. Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21608\/zjps.1995.169714","article-title":"Constituents of Cannabis sativa L. XXVIII\u2014A review of the natural constituents: 1980\u20131994","volume":"4","author":"Ross","year":"1995","journal-title":"Zagazig J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6608","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01896K","article-title":"Stilbenoids and cannabinoids from the leaves of Cannabis sativa f. sativa with potential reverse cholesterol transport activity","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crombie, L., Tuchinda, P., and Powell, M.J. (1982). Total synthesis of the spirans of Cannabis: Cannabispiradienone, cannabispirenone-A and-B, cannabispirone, \u03b1-and \u03b2-cannabispiranols and the dihydrophenanthrene cannithrene-1. J. Chem. Soc., 1477\u20131484.","DOI":"10.1039\/P19820001477"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2020, July 24). Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Recueil_des_Travaux_Chimiques_des_Pays-Bas."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)81194-2","article-title":"Spiro-indans from Cannabis sativa","volume":"25","year":"1986","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(94)00773-M","article-title":"Three acyclic bis-phenylpropane lignanamides from fruits of Cannabis sativa","volume":"38","author":"Sakakibara","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heblinski, M., Santiago, M., Fletcher, C., Stuart, J., Connor, M., McGregor, I.S., and Arnold, J.C. (2020). Terpenoids Commonly Found in Cannabis sativa Do Not Modulate the Actions of Phytocannabinoids or Endocannabinoids on TRPA1 and TRPV1 Channels. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res.","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2019.0099"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.09.011","article-title":"Chemical constituents of marijuana: The complex mixture of natural cannabinoids","volume":"78","author":"ElSohly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600601232","article-title":"Chemical Constituents of Cannabis sativa L. Root","volume":"60","author":"Slatkin","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"413","article-title":"The essential oil of Cannabis sativa L.","volume":"113","author":"Hendriks","year":"1978","journal-title":"Pharm. Weekbl."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1097829","article-title":"The Essential Oil of Cannabis sativa","volume":"28","author":"Hendriks","year":"1975","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eguchi, R., Ono, N., Morita, A.H., Katsuragi, T., Nakamura, S., Huang, M., Amin, A.-U.-A., and Kanaya, S. (2019). Classification of alkaloids according to the starting substances of their biosynthetic pathways using graph convolutional neural networks. BMC Bioinform., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-019-2963-6"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1039\/c005378c","article-title":"Trends for diverse production strategies of plant medicinal alkaloids","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waller, G.R., and Nowacki, E.K. (1978). The Role of Alkaloids in Plants. Alkaloid Biology and Metabolism in Plants, Springer Science and Business Media LLC.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-0772-3"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.2004.00422.x","article-title":"Pyridine nucleotide cycle and trigonelline (N-methylnicotinic acid) synthesis in developing leaves and fruits of Coffea arabica","volume":"122","author":"Zheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pp.44.060193.002041","article-title":"Quaternary ammonium and tertiary sulfonium compounds in higher plants","volume":"44","author":"Rhodes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02873173","article-title":"The constituents of Cannabis sativa pollen","volume":"29","author":"Paris","year":"1975","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)91127-0","article-title":"Alkaloids of Cannabis sativa leaves","volume":"14","author":"Turner","year":"1975","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600670135","article-title":"Anhydrocannabisativine, a New Alkaloid from Cannabis sativa L.","volume":"67","author":"ElSohly","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200500792","article-title":"Analysis of choline and atropine in hairy root cultures of Cannabis sativa L. by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray mass spectrometry","volume":"27","author":"Wahby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.2307\/3870057","article-title":"Alkaloid Biosynthesis[mdash]The Basis for Metabolic Engineering of Medicinal Plants","volume":"7","author":"Kutchan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.58.201","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor 1 binding activity and quantitative analysis of Cannabis sativa L. smoke and vapor","volume":"58","author":"Fischedick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2017.19.3\/glafaye","article-title":"Cannabis, cannabinoids, and health","volume":"19","author":"Lafaye","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dialog Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigss.2011.10.008","article-title":"Discrimination of \u2018fiber-type\u2019 and \u2018drug-type\u2019 Cannabis sativa L. by fluorescent duplex PCR","volume":"3","author":"Sutipatanasomboon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. Ser."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00130","article-title":"Does cannabidiol protect against adverse psychological effects of THC?","volume":"4","author":"Niesink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2017.1333456","article-title":"High resolution melting curve analysis revealed SNPs in major cannabinoid genes associated with drug and non-drug types of cannabis","volume":"31","author":"Borna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"144","article-title":"Common cannabinoid phenotypes in 350 stocks of Cannabis","volume":"36","author":"Small","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lloydia"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-962705","article-title":"Identification of a New Chemotype in Cannabis sativa: Cannabigerol\u2014Dominant Plants, Biogenetic and Agronomic Prospects","volume":"53","author":"Fournier","year":"1987","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/163.1.335","article-title":"The inheritance of chemical phenotype in Cannabis sativa L.","volume":"163","author":"Bagatta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-004-4759-6","article-title":"Potential of marker-assisted selection in hemp genetic improvement","volume":"140","author":"Mandolino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s11032-005-5681-x","article-title":"Genetics and Marker-assisted Selection of the Chemotype in Cannabis sativa L.","volume":"17","author":"Pacifico","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Breed."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020.2016.1248947","article-title":"Bioactive spirans and other constituents from the leaves of Cannabis sativa f. sativa","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.2174\/092986711794940888","article-title":"Cannabinoids: Occurrence and Medicinal Chemistry","volume":"18","author":"Appendino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"103","article-title":"Molecular Targets of the Phytocannabinoids: A Complex Picture","volume":"103","author":"Morales","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Chem. Org. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2009.07.006","article-title":"Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: New therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb","volume":"30","author":"Izzo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2011.09.002","article-title":"Phytocannabinoids as novel therapeutic agents in CNS disorders","volume":"133","author":"Hill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2016.0020","article-title":"Decarboxylation Study of Acidic Cannabinoids: A Novel Approach Using Ultra-High-Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography\/Photodiode Array-Mass Spectrometry","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12321","article-title":"Cannabidivarin-rich cannabis extracts are anticonvulsant in mouse and rat via a CB1 receptor-independent mechanism","volume":"170","author":"Hill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.003004","article-title":"International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIX. Cannabinoid Receptors and Their Ligands: Beyond CB1and CB2","volume":"62","author":"Pertwee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. Rev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/7268","article-title":"Dopamine activation of endogenous cannabinoid signaling in dorsal striatum","volume":"2","author":"Giuffrida","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.05.015","article-title":"Cannabinoids and ceramide: Two lipids acting hand-by-hand","volume":"77","author":"Velasco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2007.05.014","article-title":"Endocannabinoids and Related Compounds: Walking Back and Forth between Plant Natural Products and Animal Physiology","volume":"14","author":"Bisogno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Boil."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.11.003","article-title":"The Endocannabinoid System and Plant-Derived Cannabinoids in Diabetes and Diabetic Complications","volume":"180","author":"Horvath","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1312","article-title":"The current state and future perspectives of cannabinoids in cancer biology","volume":"7","author":"Sledzinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1470919","article-title":"Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor","volume":"258","author":"DeVane","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.58.3.2","article-title":"The Endocannabinoid System as an Emerging Target of Pharmacotherapy","volume":"58","author":"Pacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pertwee, R.G. (2005). Cannabinoids. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/b137831"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.091918","article-title":"Depolarization-induced suppression of excitation in murine autaptic hippocampal neurones","volume":"569","author":"Straiker","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.05063.x","article-title":"Role of receptor internalization in the agonist-induced desensitization of cannabinoid type 1 receptors","volume":"104","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-02-00563.1991","article-title":"Characterization and localization of cannabinoid receptors in rat brain: A quantitative in vitro autoradiographic study","volume":"11","author":"Herkenham","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsicano, G., and Kuner, R. (2008). Anatomical Distribution of Receptors, Ligands and Enzymes in the Brain and in the Spinal Cord: Circuitries and Neurochemistry. Cannabinoids and the Brain, Springer Science and Business Media LLC.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-74349-3_10"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00294","article-title":"Cannabinoid Receptors in the Central Nervous System: Their Signaling and Roles in Disease","volume":"10","author":"Kendall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13175","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.22.13175","article-title":"Cannabinoid Inhibition of Adenylate Cyclase-mediated Signal Transduction and Interleukin 2 (IL-2) Expression in the Murine T-cell Line, EL4.IL-2","volume":"271","author":"Condie","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Boil. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1602","article-title":"Cannabinoid-based drugs as anti-inflammatory therapeutics","volume":"5","author":"Klein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"54","article-title":"Expression of Central and Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptors in Human Immune Tissues and Leukocyte Subpopulations","volume":"232","author":"Mary","year":"1995","journal-title":"JBIC J. Boil. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/365061a0","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids","volume":"365","author":"Munro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1097677","article-title":"Histochemical Study of the Stalked Glandular Hairs of The Female Cannabis Plants, Using Fast Blue Salt","volume":"29","author":"Vercruysse","year":"1976","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"59","article-title":"Histochemical detection of hemp trichomes and their correlation with the THC content","volume":"39","author":"Petri","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Boil. Hung."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"316","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of Cannabinoids in the Secretory Product from Capitate-Stalked Glands of Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae)","volume":"142","author":"Lanyon","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.2307\/2446007","article-title":"Immunochemical localization of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Cryofixed Glandular Trichomes of Cannabis (Cannabaceae)","volume":"84","author":"Kim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/24.8.715","article-title":"GC-MS Analysis of the Total 9-THC Content of Both Drug- and Fiber-Type Cannabis Seeds","volume":"24","author":"Ross","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.08.039","article-title":"Relationship between cannabinoids content and composition of fatty acids in hempseed oils","volume":"170","author":"Debeljak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Potter, D. (2004). Growth and morphology of medicinal cannabis. Medicinal Uses of Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Pharmaceutical Press."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2012.04949.x","article-title":"The hexanoyl-CoA precursor for cannabinoid biosynthesis is formed by an acyl-activating enzyme in Cannabis sativa trichomes","volume":"71","author":"Stout","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(99)00193-0","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody against tetrahydrocannabinolic acid distinguishes Cannabis sativa samples from different plant species","volume":"106","author":"Tanaka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2010.10.001","article-title":"Metabolic fingerprinting of Cannabis sativa L., cannabinoids and terpenoids for chemotaxonomic and drug standardization purposes","volume":"71","author":"Fischedick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)91096-3","article-title":"Biosynthesis of cannabinoid acids","volume":"14","author":"Shoyama","year":"1975","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"1596","article-title":"Biosynthesis of cannabinoids. Incorporation experiments with (13)C-labeled glucoses","volume":"268","author":"Fellermeier","year":"2001","journal-title":"JBIC J. Boil. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12811","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200330109","article-title":"Identification of olivetolic acid cyclase from Cannabis sativa reveals a unique catalytic route to plant polyketides","volume":"109","author":"Gagne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Page, J., and Boubakir, Z. (2011). Aromatic Prenyltransferase from Cannabis. (Application WO\/2011\/017798), PCT Patent."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39767","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M403693200","article-title":"The gene controlling marijuana psychoactivity molecular cloning and heterologous expression of \u03941-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase from Cannabis sativa L.","volume":"279","author":"Sirikantaramas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.07.079","article-title":"Production of \u03941-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid by the biosynthetic enzyme secreted from transgenic Pichia pastoris","volume":"361","author":"Taura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01092a065","article-title":"A Total Synthesis of dl-\u03941-Tetrahydrocannabinol, the Active Constituent of Hashish1","volume":"87","author":"Mechoulam","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300496","article-title":"The Psychotomimetic Effects of Intravenous Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Healthy Individuals: Implications for Psychosis","volume":"29","author":"Perry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2008.00048.x","article-title":"Emerging strategies for exploiting cannabinoid receptor agonists as medicines","volume":"156","author":"Pertwee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"44","article-title":"The Impact of \u03949-THC on the Psychological Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa: A Pilot Study","volume":"54","author":"Avraham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Isr. J. Psychiatry Relat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21260","article-title":"Medical marijuana for cancer","volume":"65","author":"Kramer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ca A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.3109\/1061186X.2013.809089","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol-loaded biodegradable polymeric microparticles and their antitumoral efficacy on cancer cell lines","volume":"21","author":"Ligresti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(84)90139-8","article-title":"Intraocular pressure, ocular toxicity and neurotoxicity after administration of \u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol or cannabichromene","volume":"38","author":"Colasanti","year":"1984","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00221","article-title":"Cannabinoids as Potential Treatment for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting","volume":"7","author":"Rock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI37948","article-title":"Cannabinoid action induces autophagy-mediated cell death through stimulation of ER stress in human glioma cells","volume":"119","author":"Carracedo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77543","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12721","article-title":"Cannabinoids synergize with carfilzomib, reducing multiple myeloma cells viability and migration","volume":"7","author":"Nabissi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0387-1","article-title":"Cannabidiol as a Potential Treatment for Anxiety Disorders","volume":"12","author":"Blessing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.f.1869","article-title":"Endocannabinoid signaling as a synaptic circuit breaker in neurological disease","volume":"14","author":"Katona","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.03.055","article-title":"Cannabinoid and lipid-mediated vasorelaxation in retinal microvasculature","volume":"735","author":"MacIntyre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-004-0509-9","article-title":"Anandamide is an endogenous inhibitor for the migration of tumor cells and T lymphocytes","volume":"53","author":"Joseph","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.02.010","article-title":"Cannabinoid pharmacology in cancer research: A new hope for cancer patients?","volume":"775","author":"Javid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.3747\/co.23.3080","article-title":"Anticancer mechanisms of cannabinoids","volume":"23","author":"Velasco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"Paton, W.D., and Pertwee, R.G. (1973). The actions of cannabis in man. Marijuana: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Metabolism and Clinical Effects, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/346561a0","article-title":"Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA","volume":"346","author":"Matsuda","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(98)00649-9","article-title":"Endocannabinoids","volume":"359","author":"Mechoulam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(98)00087-2","article-title":"The effects of cannabinoids on the brain","volume":"58","author":"Ameri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1039\/a703973e","article-title":"From gan-zi-gun-nu to anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol: The ongoing story of cannabis","volume":"16","author":"Mechoulam","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"95","article-title":"The inhibition of DNA synthesis by cannabinoids","volume":"36","author":"Carchman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.061002","article-title":"Antitumor Effects of Cannabidiol, a Nonpsychoactive Cannabinoid, on Human Glioma Cell Lines","volume":"308","author":"Massi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Exp."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600711204","article-title":"Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activities of Certain Cannabichromene and Cannabigerol Related Compounds","volume":"71","author":"Eisohly","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00915771","article-title":"Analgesic and antiinflammatory activity of constituents of Cannabis sativa L.","volume":"12","author":"Formukong","year":"1988","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8268","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.14.8268","article-title":"Cannabidiol and (\u2212) \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol are neuroprotective antioxidants","volume":"95","author":"Hampson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamba, B.-I., Stanciu, G., Ur\u00eetu, C.M., Rezu\u0219, E., Stefanescu, R., Mihai, C., Luca, A., Rusu-Zota, G., Leon-Constantin, M.M., and Cojocaru, E. (2020). Challenges and Opportunities in Preclinical Research of Synthetic Cannabinoids for Pain Therapy. Medicina, 56.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56010024"},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"134","article-title":"Role of cannabis in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"33","author":"Perisetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Grotenhermen, F., and Russo, E. (2002). Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential, Psychology Press."},{"key":"ref_144","unstructured":"Musty, R.E. (2004). Natural Cannabinoids: Interactions and Effects, Pharm Press."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2003.032250","article-title":"Cannabinoids and glaucoma","volume":"88","author":"Tomida","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5070\/D3246040706","article-title":"Cannabinoids in dermatology: A scoping review","volume":"24","author":"Eagleston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids in Dermatology","volume":"23","author":"Marks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skin Ther. Lett."},{"key":"ref_148","unstructured":"Sheriff, T., Lin, M.J., Dubin, D., and Khorasani, H. (2019). The potential role of cannabinoids in dermatology. J. Derm. Treat., 1\u20137."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02523.x","article-title":"\u03949-Tetrahydrocannabivarin suppresses in vitro epileptiform and in vivo seizure activity in adult rats","volume":"51","author":"Hill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01278.x","article-title":"Symptom-relieving and neuroprotective effects of the phytocannabinoid \u03949-THCV in animal models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"163","author":"Ramos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02207.x","article-title":"Cannabidivarin is anticonvulsant in mouse and rat","volume":"167","author":"Hill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.02.001","article-title":"Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology and biological psychiatry Re.: Omega-3 fatty acids and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: What does the evidence tell us?","volume":"31","author":"Scorza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. Boil. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2010.04.009","article-title":"Comparative topical anti-inflammatory activity of cannabinoids and cannabivarins","volume":"81","author":"Tubaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00756.x","article-title":"The plant cannabinoid \u03949-tetrahydrocannabivarin can decrease signs of inflammation and inflammatory pain in mice","volume":"160","author":"Bolognini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2008.00107.x","article-title":"Synthetic and plant-derived cannabinoid receptor antagonists show hypophagic properties in fasted and non-fasted mice","volume":"156","author":"Riedel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.01.007","article-title":"Cannabidiol as an emergent therapeutic strategy for lessening the impact of inflammation on oxidative stress","volume":"51","author":"Booz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Boil. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.116.236968","article-title":"Quantitative Analyses of Synergistic Responses between Cannabidiol and DNA-Damaging Agents on the Proliferation and Viability of Glioblastoma and Neural Progenitor Cells in Culture","volume":"360","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Exp."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2016.1236913","article-title":"Phyto-, endo- and synthetic cannabinoids: Promising chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of breast and prostate carcinomas","volume":"25","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01176.x","article-title":"Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids","volume":"163","author":"Parker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.14581\/jer.17012","article-title":"Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Epilepsy: Hard Evidence at Last?","volume":"7","author":"Perucca","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17030325","article-title":"Cannabidiol (CBD) as an Adjunctive Therapy in Schizophrenia: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"175","author":"McGuire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1425","article-title":"Medical use of cannabis. Cannabidiol: A new light for schizophrenia?","volume":"5","author":"Deiana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"323","article-title":"Cannabidiol for neurodegenerative disorders: Important new clinical applications for this phytocannabinoid?","volume":"75","author":"Sagredo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.07.033","article-title":"Cannabidiol Attenuates Cardiac Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, Fibrosis, and Inflammatory and Cell Death Signaling Pathways in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"56","author":"Rajesh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2013.08.002","article-title":"The effect of cannabichromene on adult neural stem\/progenitor cells","volume":"63","author":"Shinjyo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3950","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13186","article-title":"The role of cannabinoids in adult neurogenesis","volume":"172","author":"Prenderville","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12373","article-title":"Cannabis and anticancer drugs: Societal usage and expected pharmacological interactions\u2014A review","volume":"32","author":"Deslandes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001464","article-title":"An experimental randomized study on the analgesic effects of pharmaceutical-grade cannabis in chronic pain patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"160","author":"Niesters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.407","article-title":"Cannabis\u2014from cultivar to chemovar","volume":"4","author":"Hazekamp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"440","article-title":"Availability and approval of cannabis-based medicines for chronic pain management and palliative\/supportive care in Europe: A survey of the status in the chapters of the European Pain Federation","volume":"22","author":"Wells","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.122119","article-title":"\u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-Hydroxy-THC, and 11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC Plasma Pharmacokinetics during and after Continuous High-Dose Oral THC","volume":"55","author":"Schwilke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04164.x","article-title":"Novel \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol formulation Namisol\u00ae has beneficial pharmacokinetics and promising pharmacodynamic effects","volume":"74","author":"Klumpers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00085.x","article-title":"Experience with the Synthetic Cannabinoid Nabilone in Chronic Noncancer Pain","volume":"7","author":"Berlach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sativex for the management of multiple sclerosis symptoms","volume":"72","author":"Perras","year":"2005","journal-title":"Issues Emerg. Health Technol."},{"key":"ref_175","first-page":"75","article-title":"Epidiolex (Cannabidiol) Primer: Frequently Asked Questions for Patients and Caregivers","volume":"25","author":"Stehling","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2015.05.018","article-title":"Cannabidiol for the Prevention of Graft-versus-Host-Disease after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Results of a Phase II Study","volume":"21","author":"Yeshurun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Boil. Blood Marrow Transpl."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.367","article-title":"Oral Cannabidiol does not Alter the Subjective, Reinforcing or Cardiovascular Effects of Smoked Cannabis","volume":"41","author":"Haney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.03.011","article-title":"Cannabidiol reduces cigarette consumption in tobacco smokers: Preliminary findings","volume":"38","author":"Morgan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2017.0014","article-title":"Cannabidiol Does Not Dampen Responses to Emotional Stimuli in Healthy Adults","volume":"2","author":"Arndt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/cpdd.408","article-title":"Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Oral Cannabidiol Following Administration of PTL101: A New Formulation Based on Gelatin Matrix Pellets Technology","volume":"7","author":"Atsmon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pharm. Drug Dev."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerino, P., Buonerba, C., Cannazza, G., D\u2019Auria, J., Ottoni, E., Fulgione, A., Di Stasio, A., Pierri, B., and Gallo, A. (2020). A Review of Hemp as Food and Nutritional Supplement. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res.","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2020.0001"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.11909","article-title":"Labeling Accuracy of Cannabidiol Extracts Sold Online","volume":"318","author":"Loflin","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farinon, B., Molinari, R., Costantini, L., and Merendino, N. (2020). The seed of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): Nutritional Quality and Potential Functionality for Human Health and Nutrition. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071935"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-004-4811-6","article-title":"Hempseed as a nutritional resource: An overview","volume":"140","author":"Callaway","year":"2004","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irakli, M., Tsaliki, E., Kalivas, A., Kleisiaris, F., Sarrou, E., and Cook, C.M. (2019). Effect \u03bff Genotype and Growing Year on the Nutritional, Phytochemical, and Antioxidant Properties of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Seeds. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8100491"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.04.049","article-title":"Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Dietary sources, metabolism, and significance\u2014A review","volume":"203","author":"Saini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-019-02247-6","article-title":"New insights in hemp chemical composition: A comprehensive polar lipidome characterization by combining solid phase enrichment, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and cheminformatics","volume":"412","author":"Antonelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.120573","article-title":"A new software-assisted analytical workflow based on high-resolution mass spectrometry for the systematic study of phenolic compounds in complex matrices","volume":"209","author":"Cerrato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menezes, R., Rodriguez-Mateos, A., Kaltsatou, A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Sarr\u00edas, A., Greyling, A., Giannaki, C.D., Andres-Lacueva, C., Milenkovic, D., Gibney, E.R., and Dumont, J. (2017). Impact of Flavonols on Cardiometabolic Biomarkers: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Human Trials to Explore the Role of Inter-Individual Variability. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9020117"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevanovic, Z.D., Bo\u0161njak-Neum\u00fcller, J., Paji\u0107-Lijakovi\u0107, I., Raj, J., and Vasiljevi\u0107, M. (2018). Essential Oils as Feed Additives\u2014Future Perspectives. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071717"},{"key":"ref_191","first-page":"3375","article-title":"Plant secondary metabolites as a potential source to inhibit methane production and improve animal performance","volume":"6","author":"Lakhani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Stud."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9810-5_20","article-title":"Phytogenic Feed Additives in Animal Nutrition","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Steiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/18\/4036\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:06:39Z","timestamp":1760177199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/18\/4036"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]]},"references-count":192,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25184036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25184036","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]]}}}