{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:30:59Z","timestamp":1790703059374,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Efficient separation technologies are crucial to the environment and world economy. The challenge posed to scientists is how to engineer selectivity towards a targeted substrate, especially from multicomponent solutions. Polymer-supported reagents have gained a lot of attention in this context, as they eliminate a lot of inconveniences concerning widely used solvent extraction techniques. Nevertheless, the choice of an appropriate ligand for immobilization may be derived from the behavior of soluble compounds under solvent extraction conditions. Organophosphorus compounds play a significant role in separation science and technology. The features they possess, such as variable oxidation states, multivalence, asymmetry and metal-binding properties, highlight their status as a unique and versatile class of compounds, capable of selective separations proceeding through different mechanisms. This review provides a detailed survey of polymers containing phosphoric, phosphonic and phosphinic acid functionalities in the side chain and covers main advances in the preparation and application of these materials in separation science, including the most relevant synthesis routes (Arbuzov, Perkow, Mannich, Kabachnik-Fields reactions, etc.), as well as the main stages in the development of organophosphorus resins and the most important achievements in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25184236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T20:26:40Z","timestamp":1600201600000},"page":"4236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Polymer-Supported Phosphoric, Phosphonic and Phosphinic Acids\u2014From Synthesis to Properties and Applications in Separation Processes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8997-9205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"G\u0142owi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4670-8077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej W.","family":"Trochimczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.3762\/bjoc.10.217","article-title":"Organophosphorus chemistry","volume":"10","author":"Hanson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Quin, L.D. (2000). A Guide to Organophosphorus Chemistry, A John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6700(93)90026-9","article-title":"Phosphorus-containing polymers","volume":"18","author":"Maiti","year":"1993","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"473","article-title":"Polymer-Supported Phosphorus-Containing Ligands for Selective Metal Ion Complexation","volume":"Volume 120","author":"Ripperger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adsorption and Its Application in Industry and Environmental Protection Vol II: Appliactions in Environmental Protecion"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monge, S., and David, G. (2014). Phosphorus-Based Polymers\u2013From Synthesis to Applications, Royal Society of Chemistry.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781782624523"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6173","DOI":"10.1021\/ie900074t","article-title":"Affinity of Polymer-Supported Reagents for Lanthanides as a Function of Donor Atom Polarizability","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1021\/ie9503196","article-title":"Polymer-Supported Reagents: Application to Separation Science","volume":"35","author":"Alexandratos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(01)85468-4","article-title":"Selective Separations by Reactive Ion Exchange with Common Polystyrene-Type Resins. Part, I. General Considerations","volume":"73","author":"Janauer","year":"1974","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4794","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.22813","article-title":"An Efficient Process for Synthesizing and Hydrolyzing a Phosphonated Methacrylate: Investigation of the Adhesive and Anticorrosive Properties","volume":"46","author":"Chougrani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. A1 Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1039\/C2PY20886E","article-title":"Synthesis of proton conducting phosphonic acid-functionalized polyolefins by the combination of ATRP and ADMET","volume":"4","author":"Markova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1002\/app.30438","article-title":"Poly(MMA)-b-poly(monophosphonic acrylate) Diblock Copolymers Obtained by ATRP and Used as Additives for Anticorrosive Coatings","volume":"114","author":"David","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2011.08.091","article-title":"Surface-initiated ATRP of 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate on Phynox","volume":"258","author":"Devillers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328207086993","article-title":"PHEMA Hydrogels Modified through the Grafting of Phosphate Groups by ATRP Support the Attachment and Growth of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells","volume":"23","author":"Barnard","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4031","DOI":"10.1021\/am3008399","article-title":"Copolymer Coatings Consisting of 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine and 3-Methacryloxypropyl Trimethoxysilane via ATRP To Improve Cellulose Biocompatibility","volume":"4","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5999","DOI":"10.1039\/b512106j","article-title":"Three-stage switching of surface wetting using phosphate-bearing polymer brushes","volume":"48","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6831","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cc41895b","article-title":"ATRP synthesis of poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl choline phosphate): A multivalent universal biomembrane adhesive","volume":"49","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.1021\/ma047564y","article-title":"Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Dimethyl(1-ethoxycarbonyl)vinyl Phosphate and Corresponding Block Copolymers","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3475","DOI":"10.1021\/ma021762c","article-title":"Well-Defined Biocompatible Block Copolymers via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine in Protic Media","volume":"36","author":"Ma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3676","DOI":"10.1039\/c3py00426k","article-title":"RAFT polymerization of dimethyl(methacryloyloxy)-methyl phosphonate and its phosphonic acid derivative: A new opportunity for phosphorus-based materials","volume":"4","author":"Canniccioni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.200800540","article-title":"Peculiar Behavior of Degenerative Chain Transfer Polymerization of a Phosphonated Methacrylate","volume":"210","author":"David","year":"2009","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2015.07.030","article-title":"Synthesis of NR based polyurethanes containing phosphorylated polymers as chain extenders","volume":"70","author":"Baratha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1021\/bm0495553","article-title":"Synthesis of Well-Defined Amphiphilic Block Copolymers Having Phospholipid Polymer Sequences as a Novel Biocompatible Polymer Micelle Reagent","volume":"6","author":"Yusa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200300113","article-title":"Amphiphilic Block Copolymers Based on Poly(2-acryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) Prepared via RAFT Polymerisation as Biocompatible Nanocontainers","volume":"4","author":"Stenzel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1039\/C0PY00300J","article-title":"Detailed study of the reversible addition\u2013fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and co-polymerization of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine","volume":"2","author":"Bhuchar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1039\/C5PY01879J","article-title":"A phosphonium intermediate for cationic RAFT polymerization","volume":"7","author":"Uchiyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03602549208021417","article-title":"Polymer-Supported Reagents with Enhanced Metal Ion Recognition: Application to Separations Science","volume":"21","author":"Alexandratos","year":"1992","journal-title":"Separ. Purif. Method."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1021\/ie00040a026","article-title":"Bifunctionality as a Means of Enhancing Complexation Kinetics in Selective Ion Exchange Resins","volume":"34","author":"Alexandratos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"246","article-title":"Properties of phosphoric acid resins derived from poly(glycidyl methacrylates) crosslinked with dimethacrylates of oligo(ethylene glycols), Special Publication","volume":"239","author":"Jyo","year":"1999","journal-title":"R. Soc. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Head, A.J., Kember, N.F., Miller, R.P., and Wells, R.A. (1958). Ion-exchange properties of cellulose phosphate. J. Chem. Soc., 3418\u20133425.","DOI":"10.1039\/jr9580003418"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/004051754801800105","article-title":"Phosphorylated Cotton Cellulose as a Cation-Exchange Material","volume":"18","author":"Jurgens","year":"1948","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1177\/004051755002000903","article-title":"Ion-Exchange Characteristics of Chemically Modified Cotton Fabrics","volume":"20","author":"Hoffpauir","year":"1950","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50513a056","article-title":"Ion Exchange Cottons","volume":"44","author":"Guthrie","year":"1952","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01585a016","article-title":"Chromatography of Proteins. I. Cellulose Ion-exchange Adsorbents","volume":"78","author":"Peterson","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50480a039","article-title":"Preparation and Properties of Cellulose Phosphates","volume":"41","author":"Reid","year":"1949","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Ford, F.M., and Hall, W.P. (1949). Flameproofing of Fibrous Materials. (2,482,755), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayakumar, R., Reis, R.L., and Mano, J.F. (2006). Chemistry and Applications of Phosphorylated Chitin and Chitosan. e-Polymers, 35.","DOI":"10.1515\/epoly.2006.6.1.447"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1295\/polymj.12.293","article-title":"Preparations and Chelating Properties of Ethyl-(p-vinylphenyl)-phosphoric Acid or Ethyl-(p-vinylphenyl)thiophosphoric-Acid Polymer and Copolymer","volume":"12","author":"Furukawa","year":"1980","journal-title":"Polymer. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19970307)63:10<1327::AID-APP12>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Preparation of phosphoric acid resins with large cation exchange capacities from Macroreticular poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-divinylbenzene) beads and their behavior in uptake of metal ions","volume":"63","author":"Jyo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Paw\u0142owski, L., Gonzales, M.A., Dudzi\u0144ska, M.R., and Lacy, W.J. (1998). Metal-Ion Selectivity of Phosphoric Acid Resin in Aqueous Nitric Acid Media. Chemistry for the Protection of the Environment 3, Environmental Science Research; Springer."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1985.070300809","article-title":"Studies on selective adsorption resins. XXI. Preparation and properties of macroreticular chelating ion exchange resins containing phosphoric acid groups","volume":"30","author":"Egawa","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1021\/ma971587d","article-title":"Synthesis of \u03b1-, \u03b2-, and \u03b3-Ketophosphonate Polymer-Supported Reagents: The Role of Intra-ligand Cooperation in the Complexation of Metal Ions","volume":"31","author":"Alexandratos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.3762\/bjoc.6.95","article-title":"Novel 2-(\u03c9-phosphonooxy-2-oxaalkyl)acrylate monomers for self-etching self-priming one part adhesive","volume":"6","author":"Klee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2005.05.001","article-title":"Chemical aspects of self-etching enamel\u2013dentin adhesives: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Moszner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"107","article-title":"Hydrolytic stability of self-etching adhesive systems","volume":"7","author":"Salz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Dent."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/1439-2054(20010401)286:4<225::AID-MAME225>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Monomers for Adhesive Polymers, 3 - Synthesis, Radical Polymerization and Adhesive Properties of Hydrolytically Stable Phosphonic Acid Monomers","volume":"286","author":"Moszner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.23296","article-title":"Synthesis and Evaluation of New Dental Monomers with Both Phosphonic and Carboxylic Acid Functional Groups","volume":"47","author":"Sahin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part A"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.200600574","article-title":"Radical Telomerisation of Vinyl Phosphonic Acid with a Series of Chain Transfer Agents","volume":"208","author":"David","year":"2007","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.200700391","article-title":"A Process for Polymerizing Vinyl Phosphonic Acid with C6F13I Perfluoroalkyl Iodide Chain-Transfer Agent","volume":"209","author":"David","year":"2008","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"687","article-title":"Reactions of alkyl halides with phosphites","volume":"38","author":"Michaelis","year":"1906","journal-title":"J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00044a004","article-title":"The Michaelis-Arbuzov Rearrangement","volume":"81","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"1981","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1994.070520912","article-title":"Synthesis of bifunctional ion-exchange resins through the Arbusov reaction: Effect on selectivity and kinetics","volume":"52","author":"Trochimczuk","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.1990.080280117","article-title":"Synthesis and polymerization of vinylbenzylphosphonate diethyl ester","volume":"28","author":"Yu","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part A"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1974.070180706","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Polymers with Pendent Phosphonate Groups","volume":"18","author":"Cabasso","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1902(60)80207-2","article-title":"The selective adosption of hexavalent uranium by a non-ionic phosphorylated resin from solutions of di-normal-butylphosphoric acid in benzene","volume":"14","author":"Kennedy","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1021\/jo200137k","article-title":"Direct Conversion of Benzylic and Allylic Alcohols to Phosphonates","volume":"76","author":"Barney","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1163\/156855504774076316","article-title":"Improved synthesis of phosphorus-containing styrenic monomers","volume":"7","author":"Wyman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Des. Monomers Polym."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1134\/S1560090415050127","article-title":"Synthesis of Dialkyl 2-(Methacryloyloxyethyl) Phosphonates, Their Characterization and Polymerization","volume":"57","author":"Rajalakshmi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Sci. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/hc.20561","article-title":"Microwave Michaelis\u2013Becker Synthesis of Diethyl Phosphonates, Tetraethyl Diphosphonates, and Their Total or Partial Dealkylation","volume":"20","author":"Meziane","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heteroat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfluchem.2004.03.010","article-title":"Synthesis of new aromatic perfluorovinyl ether monomers containing phosphonic acid functionality","volume":"125","author":"Souzy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Fluor. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3777","DOI":"10.1021\/cr2004212","article-title":"Surface Modification Using Phosphonic Acids and Esters","volume":"112","author":"Petit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-4039(80)80245-0","article-title":"Stereoselective synthesis of vinylphosphonate","volume":"21","author":"Hirao","year":"1980","journal-title":"Tetrahedron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.55.909","article-title":"Palladium-catalyzed New Carbon-Phosphorus Bond Formation","volume":"55","author":"Hirao","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1081\/SS-120004454","article-title":"Enhanced metal ion affinities by supported ligand synergistic interaction in bifunctional polymer-supported aminomethylphosphonates","volume":"37","author":"Alexandratos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009423925041","article-title":"Modification of Malonamide Ion-Exchange Chelating Resins Using the Fields Kabatschnik Reaction and Their Application to Metal Ion Removal from Aqueous Solutions","volume":"10","author":"Trochimczuk","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. P"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papathanasiou, K.E., and Demadis, K.D. (2015). Phosphonates in Matrices. Layered Materials Chemistry: Techniques to Tailor New Enabling Organic-Inorganic Materials, John Wiley & Sons Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118792223.ch3"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S1381-5148(98)00041-8","article-title":"Novel chelating resins with aminothiophosphonate ligands","volume":"40","author":"Trochimczuk","year":"1999","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1080\/10426500211718","article-title":"Synthesis of Dialkyl-Hydroxymethylphosphonates in Heterogeneous Conditions","volume":"177","author":"Jeanmaire","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00909048","article-title":"Vinylphosphonic acid and some of its derivatives","volume":"8","author":"Kabachnik","year":"1959","journal-title":"Russ. Chem. Bull."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2010.04.001","article-title":"Poly(vinylphosphonic acid) and its derivatives","volume":"35","author":"Macarie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00147a001","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Bifunctional Phosphinic Acid Resins","volume":"18","author":"Alexandratos","year":"1985","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6989(87)90162-0","article-title":"Dual mechanism bifunctional polymers: Phosphinic acid ion-exchange\/redox resins and the kinetics of metal-ion complexation","volume":"5","author":"Alexandratos","year":"1987","journal-title":"React. Polym. Ion Exch. Sorbents"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S1381-5148(01)00049-9","article-title":"Synthesis of functionalized phenylphosphinic acid resins through Michael reaction. Part II. Resins with multidentate ligands","volume":"48","author":"Trochimczuk","year":"2001","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1080\/01496398708068970","article-title":"Solvent Extraction, Membranes, and Ion Exchange in Hydrometallurgical Dilute Metals Separation","volume":"22","author":"Tavlaridesm","year":"1987","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S1381-5148(98)00016-9","article-title":"Polymer-supported reagents for the selective complexation metal ions: An overview","volume":"36","author":"Beauvais","year":"1998","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01186a033","article-title":"Phosphorylation of Proteins with Phosphoric Acid Containing Excess Phosphorus Pentoxide","volume":"70","author":"Ferrel","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S1381-5148(99)00072-3","article-title":"Synthesis of functionalized phenylphosphinic acid resins through Michael reaction and their ion-exchange properties","volume":"44","author":"Trochimczuk","year":"2000","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01127a525","article-title":"Phosphonous and Phosphonic Cation Exchange Resins","volume":"74","author":"Bregman","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3879","DOI":"10.1021\/j100871a024","article-title":"Thermodynamic Properties at 25\u00b0 of Aqueous Solutions of p-EthylbenzenesuIfonic Acid and Its Alkali Metal Salts. Comparisons with Cross-Linked Polystyrenesulfonate Type Cation Exchangers","volume":"71","author":"Boyd","year":"1967","journal-title":"Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00172a004","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Bifunctional Ion-Exchange \/Coordination Resins","volume":"20","author":"Alexandratos","year":"1987","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2005.10.007","article-title":"Uranium complexes of multidentate N-donor ligands","volume":"250","author":"Sessler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Coordin. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1693(00)88006-8","article-title":"Environmental Actinide Chemistry","volume":"94","author":"Allard","year":"1984","journal-title":"Inorgan. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-1970(97)00037-1","article-title":"Environmentally acceptable nuclear fuel cycle\u2014development of a new reprocessing system","volume":"32","author":"Tomiyasu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Energ."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2007.01.013","article-title":"High-affinity ion-complexing polymer-supported reagents: Immobilized phosphate ligands and their affinity for the uranyl ion","volume":"67","author":"Alexandratos","year":"2007","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/01932691.2012.657954","article-title":"A Review: Studies on Uranium Removal Using Different Techniques. Overview","volume":"34","author":"Aly","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Disper. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07366290802544767","article-title":"Review Article: The Effects of Radiation Chemistry on Solvent Extraction: 1. Conditions in Acidic Solution and a Review of TBP Radiolysis, Radiolysis","volume":"27","author":"Mincher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Solv. Extr. Ion Exc."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1984.070290613","article-title":"Preparation of macroreticular chelating resins containing dihydroxyphosphino and\/or phosphono groups and their adsorption ability for uranium","volume":"29","author":"Egawa","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1021\/ie00107a012","article-title":"Recovery of Uranium from Seawater. 7. Concentration and Separation of Uranium in Acidic Eluate","volume":"29","author":"Egawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1021\/ie970518k","article-title":"Recovery of Uranium from Phosphoric Acid Solutions Using Chelating Ion-Exchange Resins","volume":"37","author":"Kabay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-386X(83)90042-7","article-title":"Uranium sorption from phosphoric acid solutions using selective ion exchange resins: Part, I. Isotherms of extraction and desorption","volume":"11","author":"Streat","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-386X(83)90043-9","article-title":"Uranium sorption from phosphoric acid solutions using selective ion exchange resins: Part II","volume":"11","author":"Streat","year":"1983","journal-title":"Kinetic studies. Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/01496395.2012.712599","article-title":"Recovery of Uranium from Seawater: A Review of Current Status and Future Research Needs","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2012.10.017","article-title":"A review of the beneficiation of rare earth element bearing minerals","volume":"41","author":"Jordens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2016.01.035","article-title":"Review on hydrometallurgical recovery of rare earth metals","volume":"165","author":"Jha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2013.10.021","article-title":"A critical review on solvent extraction of rare earths from aqueous solutions","volume":"56","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Eyring, L. (1964). The Separation of Rare Earths by Ion Exchange. Progress in the Science and Technology of the Rare Earths, Pergamon Press."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2010.01.005","article-title":"Solvent-impregnated resins (SIRs)\u2013Methods of preparation and their applications","volume":"70","author":"Kabay","year":"2010","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)93433-2","article-title":"Chromatography on paper impregnated with ion-exchange resins: III. The separation of some cation mixtures","volume":"1","author":"Lederer","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"353","article-title":"Preparation, Properties and Sorption Behavior of Impregnated Resins Containing Acidic Organophosphorus Extractants","volume":"23","author":"Juang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Sci. Counc. Rep. Chin. Part A"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00188a001","article-title":"Enhanced Ionic Recognition by Polymer-Supported Reagents: Synthesis and Characterization of Ion-Exchange\/ Precipitation Resins","volume":"21","author":"Alexandratos","year":"1988","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-9505(19990601)267:1<27::AID-APMC27>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Synthesis and heavy metal ion adsorptivity of macroreticular chelating resins containing phosphono and carboxylic acid groups","volume":"267","author":"Park","year":"1999","journal-title":"Die Angew. Makromol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1080\/07366299308918195","article-title":"Uptake of Metal Ions by A New Chelating Ion Exchange Resin Part 1: Acid Dependencies of Actinide Ions","volume":"11","author":"Horwitz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Solvent Extr. Ion Exc."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1021\/ie00052a022","article-title":"Development of Bifunctional Polymers for Metal Ion Separations: Ionic Recognition with Polymer-Supported Reagents","volume":"30","author":"Alexandratos","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1080\/01496398808075672","article-title":"Novel bifunctional resins in metal ion separations: Ion exchange\/coordination resins and ion exchange\/precipitation resins","volume":"23","author":"Alexandratos","year":"1988","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19960711)61:2<273::AID-APP9>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of a Bifunctional Ion Exchange Resin with Polystyrene-Immobilized Diphosphonic Acid Ligands","volume":"61","author":"Alexandratos","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1080\/01496399408002161","article-title":"Complexing Properties of Diphonix, a New Chelating Resin with Diphosphonate Ligands, Toward Ga(III) and in(III)","volume":"29","author":"Trochimczuk","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1080\/07366299608918383","article-title":"Uptake of Metal Ions by A New Chelating Ion Exchange Resin. Part 9: Silica Grafted Diphosphonic Acid","volume":"14","author":"Chiarizia","year":"1996","journal-title":"Solvent Extr. Ion Exc."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1021\/ma950943u","article-title":"Synthesis and Ion-Complexing Properties of a Novel Polymer-Supported Reagent with Diphosphonate Ligands","volume":"29","author":"Alexandratos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1080\/07366299608918354","article-title":"Uptake of metal ions by a new chelating ion exchange resin. Part 8. Simultaneous uptake of cationic and anionic species","volume":"14","author":"Chiarizia","year":"1996","journal-title":"Solvent Extr. Ion Exc."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5366","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NJ00387C","article-title":"The role of polarizability in determining metal ion affinities in polymer-supported reagents: Monoprotic phosphates and the effect of hydrogen bonding","volume":"39","author":"Alexandratos","year":"2015","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/07366299408918208","article-title":"Uptake of Metal Ions by A New Chelating Ion Exchange Resin Part 3: Protonation Constant Via Potentiometric Titration and Solid State 31P NMR Spectroscopy","volume":"12","author":"Nash","year":"1994","journal-title":"Solvent Extr. Ion Exc."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/07366299408918209","article-title":"Uptake of Metal Ions by A New Chelating Ion Exchange Resin Part 4: Kinetics","volume":"12","author":"Chiarizia","year":"1994","journal-title":"Solvent Extr. Ion Exc."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1080\/07366299408918241","article-title":"Uptake of Metal Ions by A New Chelating Ion Exchange Resin Part 5: The Effect of Solution Matrix on Actinides","volume":"12","author":"Chiarizia","year":"1994","journal-title":"Solvent Extr. Ion Exc."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1080\/07366299308918196","article-title":"Uptake of Metal Ions by A New Chelating Ion Exchange Resin, Part 2: Acid Dependencies of Transition And Posttransition Metal-Ions","volume":"11","author":"Chiarizia","year":"1993","journal-title":"Solvent Extr. Ion Exc."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilislioglu, A. (2012). Ion Exchange Technologies, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/2925"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19990815)73:7<1223::AID-APP16>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Metal Ion Imprinted Microsphere Prepared by Surface Molecular Imprinting Technique Using Water-in-Oil-in-Water Emulsions","volume":"73","author":"Yoshida","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0518(20000215)38:4<689::AID-POLA3>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Metal-Imprinted Microsphere Prepared by Surface Template Polymerization and Its Application to Chromatography","volume":"38","author":"Yoshida","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Part A"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/18\/4236\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:10:19Z","timestamp":1760177419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/18\/4236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25184236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25184236","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]}}}