{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T14:42:31Z","timestamp":1785940951531,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]],"date-time":"2020-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["729.004.005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["729.004.005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\/50216-0 ; 2014\/18330-0; 2018\/15083-2; 2014\/18577-5; 2016\/08084-7; 2014\/18719-4; 2016\/07108-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/50216-0 ; 2014\/18330-0; 2018\/15083-2; 2014\/18577-5; 2016\/08084-7; 2014\/18719-4; 2016\/07108-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["246986\/2013-1; 471129\/2013-5; 306251\/2016-7; 429322\/2018-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["246986\/2013-1; 471129\/2013-5; 306251\/2016-7; 429322\/2018-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri) is an important phytopathogen and causes Asiatic Citrus Canker (ACC). To control ACC, copper sprays are commonly used. As copper is an environmentally damaging heavy metal, new antimicrobials are needed to combat citrus canker. Here, we explored the antimicrobial activity of chalcones, specifically the methoxychalcone BC1 and the hydroxychalcone T9A, against X. citri and the model organism Bacillus subtilis. BC1 and T9A prevented growth of X. citri and B. subtilis in concentrations varying from 20 \u00b5g\/mL to 40 \u00b5g\/mL. BC1 and T9A decreased incorporation of radiolabeled precursors of DNA, RNA, protein, and peptidoglycan in X. citri and B. subtilis. Both compounds mildly affected respiratory activity in X. citri, but T9A strongly decreased respiratory activity in B. subtilis. In line with that finding, intracellular ATP decreased strongly in B. subtilis upon T9A treatment, whereas BC1 increased intracellular ATP. In X. citri, both compounds resulted in a decrease in intracellular ATP. Cell division seems not to be affected in X. citri, and, although in B. subtilis the formation of FtsZ-rings is affected, a FtsZ GTPase activity assay suggests that this is an indirect effect. The chalcones studied here represent a sustainable alternative to copper for the control of ACC, and further studies are ongoing to elucidate their precise modes of action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T07:23:22Z","timestamp":1602919402000},"page":"4596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Investigating the Modes of Action of the Antimicrobial Chalcones BC1 and T9A"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Luana G.","family":"Mor\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 130506-900 SP Rio Claro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 S. G.","family":"Lorenzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1034-3018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parichita","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6008-634X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela M.","family":"Ayusso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Ci\u00eancias Ambientais, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Letras e Ci\u00eancias Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 15054-000 SP S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia B.","family":"Cavalca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana B.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Ci\u00eancias Ambientais, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Letras e Ci\u00eancias Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 15054-000 SP S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz C.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Ci\u00eancias Ambientais, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Letras e Ci\u00eancias Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 15054-000 SP S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2625-7392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme","family":"Dilarri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 130506-900 SP Rio Claro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caio","family":"Zamuner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 130506-900 SP Rio Claro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis O.","family":"Regasini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Ci\u00eancias Ambientais, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Letras e Ci\u00eancias Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 15054-000 SP S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9183-9420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 130506-900 SP Rio Claro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9439-9168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk-Jan","family":"Scheffers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1094\/PHP-2002-0812-01-RV","article-title":"Citrus Canker: The Pathogen and Its Impact","volume":"3","author":"Gottwald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Heal. 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