{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:03:34Z","timestamp":1790899414630,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Ministry of Higher Education","award":["the Leading Research Groups support project from the subsidy increased for the period 2020\u20132025 of 2% of the subsidy referred to Art. 387 (3) of the Law of 20 July 2018 on Higher Education and Science in 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["the Leading Research Groups support project from the subsidy increased for the period 2020\u20132025 of 2% of the subsidy referred to Art. 387 (3) of the Law of 20 July 2018 on Higher Education and Science in 2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present study, supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) has been applied to incorporate thymol into bio-composite polymers as a potential active packaging material. Thymol, a natural component with a proven antimicrobial activity, was successfully impregnated into starch-chitosan (SC) and starch-chitosan-zeolite (SCZ) films using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a solvent. Experiments were performed at 35 \u00b0C, pressures of 15.5 and 30 MPa, and an impregnation time in the range of 4\u201324 h. The highest impregnation yields of SC films with starch to chitosan mass ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 were 10.80% and 6.48%, respectively. The addition of natural zeolite (15\u201360%) significantly increased the loading capacity of films enabling thymol incorporation in a quantity of 16.7\u201327.3%. FTIR and SEM analyses were applied for the characterization of the films. Mechanical properties and water vapor permeability of films before and after the impregnation were tested as well. Thymol release kinetics in deionized water was followed and modeled by the Korsmeyer-Peppas and Weibull model. SCZ films with thymol loading of approximately 24% exhibited strong antibacterial activity against E. coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (MRSA).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T08:14:50Z","timestamp":1602922490000},"page":"4717","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Application of Supercritical Solvent Impregnation for Production of Zeolite Modified Starch-Chitosan Polymers with Antibacterial Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5159-3422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Pajnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Center of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6406-5813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Luki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3454-735X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Diki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Center of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4470-2330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Asanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Center of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Gordic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vin\u010da Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, 11351 Vin\u010da, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5393-8922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dusan","family":"Misic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-651 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3945-7051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irena","family":"Zizovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-373 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0300-0407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Korzeniowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-651 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2011.10.031","article-title":"Characterization and antimicrobial activity studies of polypropylene films with carvacrol and thymol for active packaging","volume":"109","author":"Ramos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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