{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T15:40:17Z","timestamp":1784130017317,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51803031, 71804026 and 51774182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51803031, 71804026 and 51774182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018J05078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018J05078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials research on independent subjects","award":["18FKSY0205 and 19FKSY0110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18FKSY0205 and 19FKSY0110"]}]},{"name":"Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholar","award":["2008085J26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2008085J26"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to explore highly efficient flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), phosphorus\/nitrogen compounds and expandable graphite (EG) were successfully incorporated into RPUF by a free one-spot method. The combustion results showed that the fire safety of the RPUF samples was remarkably improved by the addition of phosphoric\/nitrogen compounds and EG. With the incorporation of 22.4 wt.% phosphorus\/nitrogen compounds and 3.2 wt.% EG, the RPUF composites achieved UL-94 V-0 rating. Besides, the total heat release and total smoke release of RPUF composites were reduced by 29.6% and 32.4% respectively, compared to those of the pure RPUF sample. PO\u2022 and PO2\u2022 together with nonflammable gaseous products were evolved from phosphoric\/nitrogen compounds in the gas phase, which quenched the flammable free radicals in the matrix and diluted the concentration of combustible gaseous products generated from PRUF during combustion. The compact char residues which acted as excellent physical barriers were formed by catalysis of EG and phosphoric\/nitrogen compounds in the condense phase. The fire hazard of RPUF was significantly reduced by the synergistic effect of phosphorus-nitrogen compounds and EG. This work provides a promising strategy to enhance the fire safety of RPUF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T08:14:50Z","timestamp":1602922490000},"page":"4741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Enhanced Fire Safety of Rigid Polyurethane Foam via Synergistic Effect of Phosphorus\/Nitrogen Compounds and Expandable Graphite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7534-3188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State key Laboratory of Enviromental Friendly Energy Materials &amp; Department of Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5646-4627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongqian","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suncheng","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Libi","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuezhan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liancong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Safety Technology, CCTEG Shenyang Research Institute, Fushun 113122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueqin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Safety and Environment, Fujian Chuanzheng Communications College, 80 Shoushan Road, Fuzhou 350007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4759-4996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/app.47780","article-title":"Synthesis of aminophosphonate polyols and polyurethane foams with improved fire retardant properties","volume":"136","author":"Borreguero","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.23874","article-title":"A novel intumescent flame retardant with nanocellulose as charring agent and its flame retardancy in polyurethane foam","volume":"38","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-016-1098-y","article-title":"Synthesis and characterisation of novel flame retardant polyurethanes containing designed phosphorus units","volume":"23","author":"Chiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.115801","article-title":"Facile fabrication of superhydrophobic polyurethane sponge towards oil water separation with exceptional flame-retardant performance","volume":"229","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H.Y., Liu, H.Y., Jiang, Y.P., Chen, M.F., and Wan, C.J. (2019). Density effect on flame retardancy, thermal degradation, and combustibility of rigid polyurethane foam modified by expandable graphite or ammonium polyphosphate. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11040668"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.24965","article-title":"A flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam system including functionalized graphene oxide","volume":"40","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2017.08.019","article-title":"Effect of tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate and modified aramid fiber on cellular structure, thermal stability and flammability of rigid polyurethane foams","volume":"144","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10813","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.6b02942","article-title":"Phosphorus and nitrogen-containing polyols: Synergistic effect on the thermal property and flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam composites","volume":"55","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2015.08.001","article-title":"Effects of a novel phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant on rosin-based rigid polyurethane foams","volume":"120","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2013.10.015","article-title":"The study of mechanical behavior and flame retardancy of castor oil phosphate-based rigid polyurethane foam composites containing expanded graphite and triethyl phosphate","volume":"98","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2014.11.008","article-title":"Research on highly flame-retardant rigid PU foams by combination of nanostructured additives and phosphorus flame retardants","volume":"111","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.04.045","article-title":"The pyrolysis behaviors of phosphorus-containing organosilicon compound modified APP with different polyether segments and their flame retardant mechanism in polyurethane foam","volume":"173","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27470","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA04439B","article-title":"The pyrolysis behaviors of phosphorus-containing organosilicon compound modified ammonium polyphosphate with different phosphorus-containing groups, and their different flame-retardant mechanisms in polyurethane foam","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2014.01.015","article-title":"Roles of organically-modified montmorillonite and phosphorous flame retardant during the combustion of rigid polyurethane foam","volume":"101","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s10118-010-9111-0","article-title":"Eeffect of surface modification of montmorillonite on the properties of rigid polyurethane foam composites","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120819","article-title":"Modification of diatomite with melamine coated zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 as an effective flame retardant to enhance flame retardancy and smoke suppression of rigid polyurethane foam","volume":"379","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.03.003","article-title":"Construction of multifunctional MoSe2 hybrid towards the simultaneous improvements in fire safety and mechanical property of polymer","volume":"352","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/fam.2249","article-title":"Mechanism of smoke suppression by melamine in rigid polyurethane foam","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fire Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47611","DOI":"10.1002\/app.47611","article-title":"Rigid polyurethane foams with halogen-free flame retardants: Thermal insulation, mechanical, and flame retardant properties","volume":"137","author":"Akdogan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-018-7797-3","article-title":"Effect of inorganic additive flame retardant on fire hazard of polyurethane exterior insulation material","volume":"135","author":"Chai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2017.10.017","article-title":"Core-shell expandable graphite @ aluminum hydroxide as a flame-retardant for rigid polyurethane foams","volume":"146","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105365","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab41b2","article-title":"Flame retardancy and thermal degradation of rigid polyurethane foams composites based on aluminum hypophosphite","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42842","DOI":"10.1002\/app.42842","article-title":"Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and aluminum hypophosphite on flame-retardant properties of rigid polyurethane foam","volume":"132","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40801","DOI":"10.1002\/app.40801","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of inherently flame-retardant and anti-dripping thermoplastic poly(imides-urethane)s","volume":"131","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2019.07.007","article-title":"An anti-melt dripping, high char yield and flame-retardant polyether rigid polyurethane foam","volume":"167","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2019.105534","article-title":"A green highly-effective surface flame-retardant strategy for rigid polyurethane foam: Transforming UV-cured coating into intumescent self-extinguishing layer","volume":"125","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1080\/00405000.2019.1655831","article-title":"Improving the flame retardancy of PET fiber by constructing the carbon microspheres based melamine polyphosphate powder","volume":"111","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Text. Inst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2010.01.035","article-title":"Halogen-free flame retardant PUF: Effect of melamine compounds on mechanical, thermal and flame retardant properties","volume":"95","author":"Thirumal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2014.04.021","article-title":"Comparative study on the flame retarded efficiency of melamine phosphate, melamine phosphite and melamine hypophosphite on poly(butylene succinate) composites","volume":"105","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1006","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.24786","article-title":"Mechanical properties improvement and fire hazard reduction of expandable graphite microencapsulated in rigid polyurethane foams","volume":"40","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45474","DOI":"10.1002\/app.45474","article-title":"Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and melamine phosphate on flame-retardant polystyrene","volume":"134","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.25123","article-title":"Effect of different size-modified expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy, thermal stability, physical, and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam","volume":"59","author":"Pang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Luo, Y., Guo, X., Chen, L., Xu, T., and Jia, D. (2019). Structure and flame-retardant actions of rigid polyurethane foams with expandable graphite. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11040686"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2015.10.013","article-title":"Addition flame-retardant behaviors of expandable graphite and bis (2-hydroxyethyl) aminol-methyl-phosphonic acid dimethyl ester in rigid polyurethane foams","volume":"122","author":"Xi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.23939","article-title":"The synergistic flame-retardant behaviors of pentaerythritol phosphate and expandable graphite in rigid polyurethane foams","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2018.12.019","article-title":"Effects of carboxymethyl chitosan microencapsulated melamine polyphosphate on the flame retardancy and water resistance of thermoplastic polyurethane","volume":"160","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.22662","article-title":"The flame retardant behaviors and synergistic effect of expandable graphite and dimethyl methylphosphonate in rigid polyurethane foams","volume":"35","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122267","article-title":"Strengthening, toughing and thermally stable ultra-thin MXene nanosheets\/polypropylene nanocomposites via nanoconfinement","volume":"378","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-017-6659-8","article-title":"Flammability of polystyrene\/aluminim phosphinate composites containing modified ammonium polyphosphate","volume":"131","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109178","article-title":"Flame-retardant system for rigid polyurethane foams based on diethyl bis (2-hydroxyethyl) aminomethylphosphonate and in-situ exfoliated clay","volume":"177","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1002\/app.29131","article-title":"Ignition, combustion, toxicity, and fire retardancy of polyurethane foams: A comprehensive review","volume":"111","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.1314","article-title":"Thermal decomposition, combustion and fire-retardancy of polyurethanes\u2014A review of the recent literature","volume":"53","author":"Levchik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2020.16937","article-title":"Electron beam irradiation crosslinking and flame retardant of ethylene vinyl acetate using melamine-formaldehyde microencapsulated layered double hydroxides","volume":"20","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13992","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-017-1483-x","article-title":"An efficient phosphonate-based ionic liquid on flame retardancy and mechanical property of epoxy resin","volume":"52","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1177\/0954008315623351","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of cardo-based phosphorous-containing flame-retardant aromatic polyesters","volume":"28","author":"Latha","year":"2016","journal-title":"High. Perform. Polym."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.12.051","article-title":"Sodium alginate-templated synthesis of g-C3N4\/carbon spheres\/Cu ternary nanohybrids for fire safety application","volume":"539","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.125829","article-title":"Interface engineering of MXene towards super-tough and strong polymer nanocomposites with high ductility and excellent fire safety","volume":"399","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.03.006","article-title":"Graphitic carbon nitride\/phosphorus-rich aluminum phosphinates hybrids as smoke suppressants and flame retardants for polystyrene","volume":"332","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2018.09.002","article-title":"Removal of a potentially hazardous chemical, tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride from water using biochar as a medium of adsorption","volume":"12","author":"Akech","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2018.05.028","article-title":"Highly efficient catalysts for reducing toxic gases generation change with temperature of rigid polyurethane foam nanocomposites: A comparative investigation","volume":"112","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Part. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Tawiah, B., Shi, Y., Cai, S., Rao, X., Liu, C., Yang, Y., Yang, F., Yu, B., and Liang, Y. (2019). Highly effective flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams: Fabrication and applications in inhibition of coal combustion. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11111776"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2018.02.007","article-title":"Highly-efficient reinforcement and flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam with phosphorus-containing additive and nitrogen-containing compound","volume":"211","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.10.023","article-title":"The influence of crude glycerol and castor oil-based polyol on the structure and performance of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate foams","volume":"95","author":"Hejna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.032","article-title":"Thermal degradation characteristics of rigid polyurethane foam and the volatile products analysis with TG-FTIR-MS","volume":"98","author":"Jiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stabil."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5326","DOI":"10.1021\/ie400224z","article-title":"Phosphorus-containing poly (ethylene terephthalate): Solid-state polymerization and its sequential distribution","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/20\/4741\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:22:08Z","timestamp":1760178128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/20\/4741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25204741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25204741","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]}}}