{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:40:13Z","timestamp":1792010413374,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were initially considered as a possible \u201cmagic bullet\u201d for in vivo elimination of tumor cells. mAbs represented the first step: however, as they were murine in nature (the earliest experience on the field), they were considered unfit for human applications. This prompted the development of techniques for cloning the variable regions of conventional murine antibodies, genetically mounted on human IgG. The last step in this years-long process was the design for the preparation of fully human reagents. The choice of the target molecule was also problematic, since cancer-specific targets are quite limited in number. To overcome this obstacle in the planning phases of antibody-mediated therapy, attention was focused on a set of normal molecules, whose quantitative distribution may balance a tissue-dependent generalized expression. The results and clinical success obtained with anti-CD20 mAbs revived interest in this type of strategy. Using multiple myeloma (MM) as a tumor model was challenging first of all because the plasma cells and their neoplastic counterpart eluded the efforts of the Workshop on Differentiation Antigens to find a target molecule exclusively expressed by these cells. For this reason, attention was turned to surface molecules which fulfill the requisites of being reasonably good targets, even if not specifically restricted to tumor cells. In 2009, we proposed CD38 as a MM target in virtue of its expression: it is absent on early hematological progenitors, has variable but generalized limited expression by normal cells, but is extremely high in plasma cells and in myeloma. Further, regulation of its expression appeared to be dependent on a variety of factors, including exposure to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a potent and highly specific inducer of CD38 expression in human promyelocytic leukemia cells that are now approved for in vivo use. This review discusses the history of human CD38, from its initial characterization to its targeting in antibody-mediated therapy of human myeloma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T02:01:42Z","timestamp":1603418502000},"page":"4844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Circular Life of Human CD38: From Basic Science to Clinics and Back"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Alberto L.","family":"Horenstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Scienze Mediche, Universit\u00e0 di Torino, Centro Ricerche Medicina Sperimentale (CeRMS) and Fondazione Ricerca Molinette Onlus, 10121 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo C.","family":"Faini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Scienze Mediche, Universit\u00e0 di Torino, Centro Ricerche Medicina Sperimentale (CeRMS) and Fondazione Ricerca Molinette Onlus, 10121 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2849-7595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Morandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.O.C. Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post Natali e Terapie Cellulari, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16121 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiano","family":"Bracci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Scienze Mediche, Universit\u00e0 di Torino, Centro Ricerche Medicina Sperimentale (CeRMS) and Fondazione Ricerca Molinette Onlus, 10121 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5189-7167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Lanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Hospital of Ravenna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3457-3774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Giuliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universit\u00e0 di Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8765-9649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneel","family":"Paulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"},{"name":"Division of Hematology &amp; Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Malavasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Scienze Mediche, Universit\u00e0 di Torino, Centro Ricerche Medicina Sperimentale (CeRMS) and Fondazione Ricerca Molinette Onlus, 10121 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"495","article-title":"Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity","volume":"256","author":"Milstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.5306\/wjco.v11.i5.275","article-title":"Formulation strategies in immunotherapeutic pharmaceutical products","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2017.04.006","article-title":"Novel insights into membrane targeting of B cell lymphoma","volume":"3","author":"Elfrink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanza, F., Maffini, E., Rondoni, M., Massari, E., Faini, A.C., and Malavasi, F. (2020). CD22 Expression in B-Cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Biological significance and implications for inotuzumab therapy in adults. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12020303"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01945","article-title":"Editorial: Immunotherapy in multiple myeloma","volume":"10","author":"Giuliani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00035.2007","article-title":"Evolution and function of the ADP ribosyl cyclase\/CD38 gene family in physiology and pathology","volume":"88","author":"Malavasi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1993.2080","article-title":"Rapid induction of CD38 antigen on myeloid leukemia cells by all trans-retinoic acid","volume":"195","author":"Drach","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1746","article-title":"Retinoic acid-induced expression of CD38 antigen in myeloid cells is mediated through retinoic acid receptor-alpha","volume":"54","author":"Drach","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0211069","article-title":"Editorial: CD38 and retinoids: A step toward a cure","volume":"90","author":"Malavasi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2018.06.008","article-title":"A phylogenetic view of the leukocyte ectonucleotidases","volume":"205","author":"Ferrero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(81)90441-4","article-title":"Biochemical studies of the human thymocyte cell-surface antigens T6, T9 and T10","volume":"23","author":"Terhorst","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.3.878","article-title":"CD38 molecule: Structural and biochemical analysis on human T lymphocytes, thymocytes, and plasma cells","volume":"145","author":"Alessio","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2012.06.017","article-title":"Tetrameric interaction of the ectoenzyme CD38 on the cell surface enables its catalytic and raft-association activities","volume":"20","author":"Terasawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2005.05.012","article-title":"Crystal structure of human CD38 extracellular domain","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/8.11.1643","article-title":"Identification and characterization of an active soluble form of human CD38 in normal and pathological fluids","volume":"8","author":"Funaro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3301129","article-title":"CD38 binding to human myeloid cells is mediated by mouse and human CD31","volume":"330","author":"Horenstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.2.727","article-title":"Human CD38 ligand. A 120-KDA protein predominantly expressed on endothelial cells","volume":"156","author":"Deaglio","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.1.395","article-title":"Human CD38 (ADP-ribosyl cyclase) is a counter-receptor of CD31, an Ig superfamily member","volume":"160","author":"Deaglio","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.00-0522fje","article-title":"Human CD38 and its ligand CD31 define a unique lamina propria T lymphocyte signaling pathway","volume":"15","author":"Deaglio","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Liu, H., Fang, C., Li, C., Xhyliu, F., Dysert, H., Bodo, J., Habermehl, G., Russell, B.E., and Li, W. (2020). Targeting of CD38 by the tumor suppressor miR-26a serves as a novel potential therapeutic agent in multiple myeloma. Cancer Res., 80.","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-1077"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.1.193","article-title":"CD38 ligation results in activation of the Raf-1\/mitogen-activated protein kinase and the CD3-zeta\/zeta-associated protein-70 signaling pathways in Jurkat T lymphocytes","volume":"159","author":"Zubiaur","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.12.7.581","article-title":"CD38 is functionally dependent on the TCR\/CD3 complex in human T cells","volume":"12","author":"Morra","year":"1998","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-03-0989","article-title":"CD38 is a signaling molecule in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells","volume":"102","author":"Deaglio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.7.2490","article-title":"Human CD38 and CD16 are functionally dependent and physically associated in natural killer cells","volume":"99","author":"Deaglio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/13.4.397","article-title":"Signaling through CD38 induces NK cell activation","volume":"13","author":"Mallone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2840","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.050583197","article-title":"CD38 expressed on human monocytes: A coaccessory molecule in the superantigen-induced proliferation","volume":"97","author":"Zilber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.2.3.203","article-title":"ADP-ribosyl cyclase: An enzyme that cyclizes NAD+ into a calcium-mobilizing metabolite","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell Regul."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"310","article-title":"Nucleotide signalling during inflammation","volume":"509","author":"Idzko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15293","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.010010","article-title":"The transferrin receptor CD71 regulates type II CD38, revealing tight topological compartmentalization of intracellular cyclic ADP-ribose production","volume":"294","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19831","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV119.009635","article-title":"Resolving the topological enigma in Ca2+ signaling by cyclic ADP-ribose and NAADP","volume":"294","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.2119\/2006-00099.Lund","article-title":"Signaling properties of CD38 in the mouse immune system: Enzyme-dependent and -independent roles in immunity","volume":"12","author":"Lund","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"41","article-title":"CD38 is critical for social behaviour by regulating oxytocin secretion","volume":"446","author":"Jin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2174\/138161209787185788","article-title":"CD38 as a regulator of cellular NAD: A novel potential pharmacological target for metabolic conditions","volume":"15","author":"Chini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-01-013003","article-title":"In-tandem insight from basic science combined with clinical research: CD38 as both marker and key component of the pathogenetic network underlying chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"108","author":"Deaglio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, T.G., Corzo, K., Chiron, M., Van De Velde, H., Abbadessa, G., Campana, F., Solanki, M., Meng, R., Lee, H., and Wiederschain, D. (2019). Therapeutic opportunities with pharmacological inhibition of CD38 with isatuximab. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121522"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-06-740944","article-title":"CD38 antibodies in multiple myeloma: Back to the future","volume":"131","author":"Richardson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4729","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V124.21.4729.4729","article-title":"SAR 650984, a therapeutic anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, blocks CD38-CD31 interaction in multiple myeloma","volume":"124","author":"An","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-1597","article-title":"The mechanism of action of the anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody Isatuximab in multiple myeloma","volume":"25","author":"Moreno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-0260","article-title":"Mechanism of action of a new anti-CD38 antibody: Enhancing myeloma immunotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Malavasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-12-687749","article-title":"Daratumumab depletes CD38+ immune regulatory cells, promotes T-cell expansion, and skews T-cell repertoire in multiple myeloma","volume":"128","author":"Krejcik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3233\/HAB-160305","article-title":"Antibody mimicry, receptors and clinical applications","volume":"25","author":"Horenstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Antibodies"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01187","article-title":"The multi-faceted ecto-enzyme CD38: Roles in immunomodulation, cancer, aging, and metabolic diseases","volume":"10","author":"Hogan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00760","article-title":"CD38 in adenosinergic pathways and metabolic re-programming in human multiple myeloma cells: In-tandem insights from basic science to therapy","volume":"10","author":"Horenstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2018.04.005","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of CD38-targeting antibodies","volume":"199","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051026","article-title":"A missense mutation in the CD38 gene, a novel factor for insulin secretion: Association with Type II diabetes mellitus in Japanese subjects and evidence of abnormal function when expressed in vitro","volume":"41","author":"Yagui","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-019-00499-8","article-title":"Solitary plasmacytoma: A review of diagnosis and management","volume":"14","author":"Pham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Hematol. Malign. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1458809","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2018.1458809","article-title":"Microvesicles released from multiple myeloma cells are equipped with ectoenzymes belonging to canonical and non-canonical adenosinergic pathways and produce adenosine from ATP and NAD+","volume":"7","author":"Morandi","year":"2018","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"433","article-title":"Biochemical characterization of human PC-1, an enzyme possessing alkaline phosphodiesterase I and nucleotide pyrophosphatase activities","volume":"226","author":"Belli","year":"1994","journal-title":"JBIC J. Biol. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26246","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.26246","article-title":"A CD38\/CD203a\/CD73 ectoenzymatic pathway independent of CD39 drives a novel adenosinergic loop in human T lymphocytes","volume":"2","author":"Horenstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3390\/cells4030520","article-title":"NAD+-metabolizing ectoenzymes in remodeling tumor\u2013host interactions: The human myeloma model","volume":"4","author":"Horenstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12485","article-title":"Unraveling the contribution of ectoenzymes to myeloma life and survival in the bone marrow niche: Ectoenzymes and the myeloma niche","volume":"1335","author":"Quarona","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2018.11.007","article-title":"Functional insights into nucleotide-metabolizing ectoenzymes expressed by bone marrow-resident cells in patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"205","author":"Horenstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2018.03.007","article-title":"Canonical and non-canonical adenosinergic pathways","volume":"205","author":"Ferretti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00196","article-title":"Cytokine-induced killer cells express CD39, CD38, CD203a, CD73 Ectoenzymes and P1 adenosinergic receptors","volume":"9","author":"Horenstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500591","article-title":"CD56brightCD16\u2212NK cells produce adenosine through a CD38-mediated pathway and act as regulatory cells inhibiting autologous CD4+T cell proliferation","volume":"195","author":"Morandi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25602","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.4693","article-title":"A non-canonical adenosinergic pathway led by CD38 in human melanoma cells induces suppression of T cell proliferation","volume":"6","author":"Morandi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2016.00198","article-title":"Adenosine generated in the bone marrow niche through a CD38-mediated pathway correlates with progression of human myeloma","volume":"22","author":"Horenstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000610","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000610","article-title":"Conversion of ATP to adenosine by CD39 and CD73 in multiple myeloma can be successfully targeted together with adenosine receptor A2A blockade","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V126.23.1849.1849","article-title":"Generation and characterization of microvesicles after daratumumab interaction with myeloma cells","volume":"126","author":"Chillemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2015.1007813","article-title":"Antibody-mediated phagocytosis contributes to the anti-tumor activity of the therapeutic antibody daratumumab in lymphoma and multiple myeloma","volume":"7","author":"Overdijk","year":"2015","journal-title":"mAbs"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1493","article-title":"The human CD38 monoclonal antibody daratumumab shows antitumor activity and hampers leukemia\u2013microenvironment interactions in chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"23","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3974","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-3412","article-title":"Targeting CD38 enhances the antileukemic activity of ibrutinib in chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"25","author":"Manna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15515","article-title":"Targeting CD38 with daratumumab is lethal to Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinaemia cells","volume":"183","author":"Paulus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019001091","article-title":"Targeting CD38 is lethal to Breg-like chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and Tregs, but restores CD8+ T-cell responses","volume":"4","author":"Manna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4819","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V128.22.4819.4819","article-title":"Daratumumab is effective in the treatment of refractory post-transplant autoimmune hemolytic anemia: A pediatric case report","volume":"128","author":"Tolbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15539","article-title":"Daratumumab in combination with standard treatment for autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a pediatric patient","volume":"59","author":"Cooling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"e28010","article-title":"Successful treatment with daratumumab for post-HSCT refractory hemolytic anemia","volume":"67","author":"Eddin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018020883","article-title":"Daratumumab in life-threatening autoimmune hemolytic anemia following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"2","author":"Schuetz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16171","article-title":"Post-allogeneic transplant Evans syndrome successfully treated with daratumumab","volume":"187","author":"Blennerhassett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxy040","article-title":"Anti-leukemic effects of all-trans retinoic acid in combination with Daratumumab in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"30","author":"Buteyn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Mistry, J.J., Moore, J.A., Kumar, P., Marlein, C.R., Hellmich, C., Pillinger, G., Jibril, A., Di Palma, F., Collins, A., and Bowles, K.M. (2020). Daratumumab inhibits acute myeloid leukaemia metabolic capacity by blocking mitochondrial transfer from mesenchymal stromal cells. Haematologica."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2020.106332","article-title":"Daratumumab for quick and sustained remission in post-transplant relapsed\/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"91","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.135.5.3411","article-title":"Redistribution of protein kinase C activity in human monocytes: Correlation with activation of the respiratory burst","volume":"135","author":"Myers","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-019-0548-z","article-title":"Daratumumab for eradication of minimal residual disease in high-risk advanced relapse of T-cell\/CD19\/CD22-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"34","author":"Ofran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1605684","article-title":"Targeting CD38 in refractory extranodal natural killer cell\u2013T-cell lymphoma","volume":"375","author":"Hari","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3018","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V128.22.3018.3018","article-title":"Drug resistance alters CD38 expression and in vitro response to daratumumab in waldenstrom macroglobulinemia cells","volume":"128","author":"Paulus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treatment with daratumumab in patients with relapsed\/refractory AL amyloidosis: A multicentric retrospective study and review of the literature","volume":"1\u20135","author":"Lecumberri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-018-3566-4","article-title":"Long-term response to daratumumab in a patient with advanced immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis with organ damage","volume":"98","author":"Canichella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"1","article-title":"daratumumab as successful initial therapy for AL amyloidosis with nerve involvement","volume":"1\u20134","author":"Deshpande","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roccatello, D., Fenoglio, R., Sciascia, S., Naretto, C., Rossi, D., Ferro, M., Barreca, A., Malavasi, F., and Baldovino, S. (2020). CD38 and anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies in AL amyloidosis: Targeting plasma cells and beyond. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114129"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"6007","article-title":"ImmunoPET imaging of CD38 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma using 64Cu-labeled daratumumab","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-019-0536-3","article-title":"In vivo vaccination effect in multiple myeloma patients treated with the monoclonal antibody isatuximab","volume":"34","author":"Atanackovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.12.014","article-title":"The CD38\/NAD\/SIRTUIN1\/EZH2 axis mitigates cytotoxic CD8 T Cell function and identifies patients with SLE prone to infections","volume":"30","author":"Katsuyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.01.008","article-title":"CD38: Modulating histone methyltransferase EZH2 activity in SLE","volume":"41","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00276","article-title":"Dysregulation of signaling pathways due to differentially expressed genes from the B-Cell transcriptomes of systemic lupus erythematosus patients\u2014A bioinformatics approach","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.119.256602","article-title":"A Reduction in B, T, and natural killer cells expressing CD38 by TAK-079 inhibits the induction and progression of collagen-induced arthritis in cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"370","author":"Korver","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/20\/4844\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:25:00Z","timestamp":1760178300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/20\/4844"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25204844"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25204844","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]}}}