{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:11:29Z","timestamp":1790122289936,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Steatosis is characterized by excessive triglycerides accumulation in liver cells. Recently, application of herbal formulations has gained importance in treating complex diseases. Therefore, this study explores the efficacy of tri-herbal medicine Divya Sarva-Kalp-Kwath (SKK; brand name, Livogrit) in treating free fatty acid (FFA)-induced steatosis in human liver (HepG2) cells and rat primary hepatocytes. Previously, we demonstrated that cytosafe SKK ameliorated CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. In this study, we evaluated the role of SKK in reducing FFA-induced cell-death, and steatosis in HepG2 through analysis of cell viability, intracellular lipid and triglyceride accumulation, extracellular free glycerol levels, and mRNA expression changes. Plant metabolic components fingerprinting in SKK was performed via High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). Treatment with SKK significantly reduced the loss of cell viability induced by 2 mM-FFA in a dose-dependent manner. SKK also reduced intracellular lipid, triglyceride accumulation, secreted AST levels, and increased extracellular free glycerol presence in the FFA-exposed cells. SKK normalized the FFA-stimulated overexpression of SREBP1c, FAS, C\/EBP\u03b1, and CPT1A genes associated with the induction of steatosis. In addition, treatment of rat primary hepatocytes with FFA and SKK concurrently, reduced intracellular lipid accumulation. Thus, SKK showed efficacy in reducing intracellular triglyceride accumulation and increasing extracellular glycerol release, along with downregulation of related key genetic factors for FFA-associated steatosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T02:01:42Z","timestamp":1603418502000},"page":"4849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Tri-Herbal Medicine Divya Sarva-Kalp-Kwath (Livogrit) Regulates Fatty Acid-Induced Steatosis in Human HepG2 Cells through Inhibition of Intracellular Triglycerides and Extracellular Glycerol Levels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Acharya","family":"Balkrishna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed by Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, NH-58, Haridwar 249 405, Uttarakhand, India"},{"name":"Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar 249 405, Uttarakhand, India"},{"name":"Patanjali Yog Peeth (UK) Trust, 40 Lambhill Street, Kinning Park, Glasgow G41 1AU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Gohel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed by Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, NH-58, Haridwar 249 405, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rani","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed by Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, NH-58, Haridwar 249 405, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monali","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed by Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, NH-58, Haridwar 249 405, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yash","family":"Varshney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed by Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, NH-58, Haridwar 249 405, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyotish","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed by Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, NH-58, Haridwar 249 405, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunal","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed by Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, NH-58, Haridwar 249 405, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8509-0882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anurag","family":"Varshney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Governed by Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, NH-58, Haridwar 249 405, Uttarakhand, India"},{"name":"Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar 249 405, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"167","article-title":"Pathogenesis and Prevention of Hepatic Steatosis","volume":"11","author":"Nassir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. 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