{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T17:52:21Z","timestamp":1782409941549,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Natural products used in the treatment of acne vulgaris may be promising alternative therapies with fewer side effects and without antibiotic resistance. The objective of this study was to formulate creams containing Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis to be used in acne therapy. Spirulina platensis belongs to the group of micro algae and contains valuable active ingredients. The aim was to select the appropriate nonionic surfactants for the formulations in order to enhance the diffusion of the active substance and to certify the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Spirulina platensis-containing creams. Lyophilized Spirulina platensis powder (SPP) was dissolved in Transcutol HP (TC) and different types of nonionic surfactants (Polysorbate 60 (P60), Cremophor A6:A25 (CR) (1:1), Tefose 63 (TFS), or sucrose ester SP 70 (SP70)) were incorporated in creams as emulsifying agents. The drug release was evaluated by the Franz diffusion method and biocompatibility was tested on HaCaT cells. In vitro antioxidant assays were also performed, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays were executed. Antimicrobial activities of the selected compositions were checked against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Cutibacteriumacnes (C. acnes) (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) with the broth microdilution method. Formulations containing SP 70 surfactant with TC showed the most favorable dissolution profiles and were found to be nontoxic. This composition also showed significant increase in free radical scavenger activity compared to the blank sample and the highest SOD enzyme activity was also detected after treatment with the cream samples. In antibacterial studies, significant differences were observed between the treated and control groups after an incubation time of 6 h.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T02:01:42Z","timestamp":1603418502000},"page":"4856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Formulation of Creams Containing Spirulina Platensis Powder with Different Nonionic Surfactants for the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5835-5304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liza","family":"J\u00f3zsa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9724-0614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Ujhelyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Vasv\u00e1ri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e1vid","family":"Sinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5477-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e1niel","family":"Nemes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2890-0783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferenc","family":"Fenyvesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judit","family":"V\u00e1radi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5719-975X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikl\u00f3s","family":"Vecserny\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judit","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5732-8758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerg\u0151","family":"Kall\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1, 4025 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Vasas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem t\u00e9r 1., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ildik\u00f3","family":"B\u00e1cskay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e1lma","family":"Feh\u00e9r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei k\u00f6r\u00fat 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2017.10.005","article-title":"Antibacterial and antioxidant strategies for acne treatment through plant extracts","volume":"13","author":"Vora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inform. Med. Unlocked"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber, N., Biehler, K., Schwabe, K., Haarhaus, B., Quirin, K.-W., Frank, U., Schempp, C.M., and W\u00f6lfle, U. (2019). Hop extract acts as an antioxidant with antimicrobial effects against Propionibacterium Acnes and Staphylococcus Aureus. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24020223"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2011.67","article-title":"Antibiotics, acne, and Staphylococcus aureus colonization","volume":"147","author":"Fanelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.4103\/1110-2098.141728","article-title":"Oxidants and antioxidants role in Acne vulgaris","volume":"27","author":"Gaber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Menoufia Med. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1155\/MI.2005.380","article-title":"Oxidative stress in patients with acne vulgaris","volume":"6","author":"Arican","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"6","article-title":"Topical vehicle formulations in the treatment of acne","volume":"17","author":"Hoffman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4081\/dr.2015.6246","article-title":"Exploring valrubicin\u2019s effect on Propionibacterium acnes-induced skin inflammation in vitro and in vivo","volume":"7","author":"Rottboell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.M., Lee, J.Y., Im, A.R., and Chae, S. (2018). Phycocyanin protects against UVB-induced apoptosis through the PKC \u03b1\/\u03b2II-Nrf-2\/HO-1 dependent pathway in human primary skin cells. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020478"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)00586-2","article-title":"C-Phycocyanin, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, induces apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages","volume":"304","author":"Reddy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)43559-X","article-title":"Spectroscopic properties of C phycocyanin and of its \u03b1 and \u03b2 subunits","volume":"248","author":"Glazer","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nen058","article-title":"Spirulina in clinical practice: Evidence-based human applications","volume":"2011","author":"Karkos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"144","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of dermocosmetic formulations containing spirulina extract on young and mature skin: Effects on the skin hydrolipidic barrier and structural properties","volume":"4","author":"Delsin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2005.00086.x","article-title":"The role and evolution of superoxide dismutases in algae","volume":"41","author":"Grzebyk","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557511313080009","article-title":"Nutritional and medical applications of spirulina microalgae","volume":"13","author":"Hoseini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125615","article-title":"Functional and structural properties of spirulina phycocyanin modified by ultra-high-pressure composite glycation","volume":"306","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.02.040","article-title":"Skin penetration enhancers","volume":"447","author":"Lane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2008.00467.x","article-title":"Formulation effects of topical emulsions on transdermal and dermal delivery","volume":"31","author":"Otto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.92724","article-title":"Status of surfactants as penetration enhancers in transdermal drug delivery","volume":"4","author":"Som","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feh\u00e9r, P., Ujhelyi, Z., V\u00e1radi, J., Fenyvesi, F., R\u00f3ka, E., Juh\u00e1sz, B., Varga, B., Bombicz, M., Priksz, D., and B\u00e1cskay, I. (2016). Efficacy of pre- and post-treatment by topical formulations containing dissolved and suspended silybum marianum against uvb-induced oxidative stress in guinea pig and on Hacat keratinocytes. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21101269"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2012.07.005","article-title":"Evaluation of cytotoxicity of surfactants used in self-micro emulsifying drug delivery systems and their effects on paracellular transport in Caco-2 cell monolayer","volume":"47","author":"Ujhelyi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.15171\/apb.2018.021","article-title":"Chemical enhancer: A simplistic way to modulate barrier function of the stratum corneum","volume":"8","author":"Haque","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"195","article-title":"Transcutol\u00ae (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether): A potential penetration enhancer","volume":"Volume 10","author":"Dragicevic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers Chemical Methods in Penetration Enhancement"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2494.2006.00344.x","article-title":"Natural skin surface pH is on average below 5, which is beneficial for its resident flora","volume":"28","author":"Lambers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2016.01.003","article-title":"Role of pH on antioxidants production by Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis","volume":"47","author":"Ismaiel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12125","article-title":"Texture analysis of cosmetic\/pharmaceutical raw materials and formulations","volume":"36","author":"Tai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12402","article-title":"Towards satisfying performance of an O\/W cosmetic emulsion: Screening of reformulation factors on textural and rheological properties using general experimental design","volume":"39","author":"Filipovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"212","article-title":"Formulation and evaluation of a water-in-oil cream containing herbal active ingredients and ferulic acid","volume":"90","author":"Moldovan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clujul Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.17221\/46\/2011-CJFS","article-title":"Influence of growth medium composition on synthesis of bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of selected strains of Arthrospira cyanobacteria","volume":"30","author":"Tarko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Czech J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"19","article-title":"A comparative study of the release of active ingredients from semisolid cosmeceuticals measured with Franz, enhancer or flow-through cell diffusion apparatus","volume":"12","author":"Liebenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"85","article-title":"Physical chemical analysis of percutaneous absorption process from creams and ointments","volume":"11","author":"Higuchi","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600501018","article-title":"Rate release of medicaments from ointment bases containing drugs in suspension","volume":"50","author":"Higuchi","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-0987(99)00075-5","article-title":"Evaluation of transcutol asa clonazepa, transdermal permeation enhancer from hydrophilic gel formulations","volume":"9","author":"Mura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s40199-019-00264-5","article-title":"Safety assessment of the pharmacological excipient, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGEE), using in vitro and in vivo systems","volume":"27","author":"Srivastava","year":"2019","journal-title":"DARU J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2014.06.028","article-title":"A review of the nonclinical safety of Transcutol\u00ae, a highly purified form of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGEE) used as a pharmaceutical excipient","volume":"72","author":"Sullivan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201052772915","article-title":"Transdermal drug delivery: Penetration enhancement techniques","volume":"2","author":"Benson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2017.1391836","article-title":"Optimization of nutraceutical coenzyme Q10 nanoemulsion with improved skin permeability and anti-wrinkle efficiency","volume":"44","author":"Makky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.04.076","article-title":"Sucrose esters as natural surfactants in drug delivery systems\u2014A mini-review","volume":"433","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1773-2247(11)50066-8","article-title":"P\u00e9n\u00e9tration enhancer effect of sucrose laurate and Transcutol on ibuprofen","volume":"21","author":"Csizmazia","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1208\/ps050222","article-title":"Evaluation of sucrose esters as alternative surfactants in microencapsulation of proteins by the solvent evaporation method","volume":"5","author":"Youan","year":"2003","journal-title":"AAPS Pharmsci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2005.03.020","article-title":"Skin permeation enhancement by sucrose esters: A pH-dependent phenomenon","volume":"297","author":"Naik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.5487\/TR.2015.31.2.105","article-title":"Safety evaluation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) compounds for cosmetic use","volume":"31","author":"Jang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PHAM.0000045238.39700.6c","article-title":"The potential of Raman spectroscopy as a process analytical technique during formulations of topical gels and emulsions","volume":"21","author":"Islam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.106.3.761","article-title":"Normal keratinization in a spontaneously immortalized aneuploid human keratinocyte cell line","volume":"106","author":"Boukamp","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7435621","article-title":"HaCaT cells as a reliable in vitro differentiation model to dissect the inflammatory\/repair response of human keratinocytes","volume":"2017","author":"Colombo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"159","article-title":"Cell and tissue culture-based in vitro test systems for evaluation of natural skin care product ingredients","volume":"11","author":"Boroduskis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5487\/TR.2013.29.2.087","article-title":"Safety evaluation of topical valproate application","volume":"29","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Tulay, A.C. (2018). Role of cytotoxicity experiments in pharmaceutical development. Cytotoxicity, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-4040.150364","article-title":"Inhibition of lipase and inflammatory mediators by Chlorella lipid extracts for antiacne treatment","volume":"6","author":"Sibi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12775","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14299","article-title":"MHY1485 ameliorates UV-induced skin cell damages via activating mTOR-Nrf2 signaling","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709628","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/709628","article-title":"Anti-aging potential of phytoextract loaded-pharmaceutical creams for human skin cell longetivity","volume":"2015","author":"Jadoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"287","article-title":"First line defence antioxidants-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX): Their fundamental role in the entire antioxidant defence grid","volume":"54","author":"Ighodaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alex. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00212-3","article-title":"Antioxidants modulate acute solar ultraviolet radiation-induced NF-kappa-B activation in a human keratinocyte cell line","volume":"26","author":"Sailou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"345","article-title":"A review on antioxidant properties of Spirulina","volume":"3","author":"Asghari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2020\/v32i230407","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of phycocyanin: A bioactive compound from spirulina platensis","volume":"32","author":"Gabr","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2017.1331249","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of spirulina platensis extract incorporated skin cream with its wound healing and antioxidant activities","volume":"55","author":"Gunes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2006.05.007","article-title":"Metabolites from algae with economical impact","volume":"146","author":"Cardozo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, W.L., Lim, Y.W., Radhakrishnan, A.K., and Lim, P.E. (2010). Protective effect of aqueous extract from Spirulina platensis against cell death induced by free radicals. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-10-53"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200464210-00002","article-title":"Topical antibacterial therapy for acne vulgaris","volume":"64","author":"Dreno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e152","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.2016.16.02.004","article-title":"Topical, biological and clinical challenges in the management of patients with Acne vulgaris","volume":"16","author":"Ramadurai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.43213","article-title":"Bacterial resistance to antibiotics in acne vulgaris: An in vitro study","volume":"53","author":"Hassanzadeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Knobler, S.L., O\u2019Connor, S., Lemon, S.M., and Najafi, M. (2004). Propionibacterium acnes and chronic diseases. The Infectious Etiology of Chronic Diseases, National Academies Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2012.01626.x","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of microbial strains isolated from Korean acne patients","volume":"39","author":"Moon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"112","article-title":"Production and characterization of antimicrobial active substance from Spirulina platensis","volume":"6","author":"Daboo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1951","article-title":"Screening for antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of Spirulina platensis","volume":"9","author":"Mala","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2018v10i6.26334","article-title":"Formulation and development of topical anti acne formulation of spirulina extract","volume":"10","author":"Nihal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5294","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00743-12","article-title":"Membrane disruption by antimicrobial fatty acids releases low-molecular-weight proteins from staphylococcus aureus","volume":"194","author":"Parsons","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s007950100002","article-title":"Pathogenesis of acne","volume":"34","author":"Toyoda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Electron Microsc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2011.05403.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes isolates from acne patients in Colombia","volume":"52","author":"Mendoza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Zarrouk, C. (1966). Contribution a L\u2019etude D\u2019une Cyanophycee. Influence de Divers Facteurs Physiques et Chimiques Sur la Croissance et Photosynthese de Spirulina maxima (Setch et Gardner) Geitler. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Paris]."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12533356","article-title":"Percutaneous absorption. On the relevance of in vitro data","volume":"64","author":"Franz","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2014.05.006","article-title":"Purification and immunomodulating activity of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis cultured using power plant flue gas","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-019-1500-2","article-title":"Development and characterisation of gastroretentive solid dosage form based on melt foaming","volume":"20","author":"Haimhoffer","year":"2019","journal-title":"AAPS Pharmscitech"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid colorimetric assay to cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"65","author":"Mosmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3329\/bjp.v12i2.30892","article-title":"MTT assay to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of a drug","volume":"12","author":"Bahuguna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bangladesh J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1997.69020581.x","article-title":"Mechanism of cellular 3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol 2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","article-title":"Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity","volume":"28","author":"Cuvelier","year":"1995","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romanet, R., Coelho, C., Liu, Y., Bahut, F., Ballester, J., Nikolantonaki, M., and Gougeon, R.D. (2019). The antioxidant potential of white wines relies on the chemistry of sulfur-containing compounds: An optimized DPPH assay. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24071353"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-011-0251-1","article-title":"Genesis and development of DPPH method of antioxidant assay","volume":"48","author":"Kedare","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(99)00167-3","article-title":"Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of polyphenols from apple pomace","volume":"68","author":"Lu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.687","article-title":"Screening of Brazilian plant extracts for antioxidant activity by the use of DPPH free radical method","volume":"15","author":"Mensor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) (2000). Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibacterial agents by broth dilution. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 6, 509\u2013515.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2000.00142.x"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Tille, P. (2013). Traditional cultivation and identification. Bailey & Scott\u2019s Diagnostic Microbiology, Elsevier, Mosby. [13th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2011.00693.x","article-title":"A combined approach in characterization of an effective w\/o hand cream: The influence of emollient on textural, sensorial and in vivo skin performance","volume":"34","author":"Lukic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/20\/4856\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:25:23Z","timestamp":1760178323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/20\/4856"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25204856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25204856","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]}}}