{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:37:59Z","timestamp":1791920279845,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED)","award":["104.05-2020.15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104.05-2020.15"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we present an ecofriendly, non-hazardous, green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) by leaf extract of Crotalaria verrucosa (C. verrucosa). Total phenolic content, total flavonoid and total protein contents of C. verrucosa were determined. Further, synthesized ZnO NPs was characterized by UV\u2013visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) Spectra, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. UV-vis shows peak at 375 nm which is unique to ZnO NPs. XRD analysis demonstrates the hexagonal phase structures of ZnO NPs. FTIR spectra demonstrates the molecules and bondings associated with the synthesized ZnO NPs and assures the role of phytochemical compounds of C. verrucosa in reduction and capping of ZnO NPs. TEM image exhibits that the prepared ZnO NPs is hexagonal shaped and in size ranged between 16 to 38 nm which is confirmed by DLS. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to determine the thermal stability of biosynthesized nanoparticles during calcination. The prepared ZnO NPs showed significant antibacterial potentiality against Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli) pathogenic bacteria and SEM image shows the generalized mechanism of action in bacterial cell after NPs internalization. In addition, NPs are also found to be effective against the studied cancer cell lines for which cytotoxicity was assessed using MTT assay and results demonstrate highest growth of inhibition at the concentration of 100 \u00b5g\/mL with IC50 value at 7.07 \u00b5g\/mL for HeLa and 6.30 \u00b5g\/mL for DU145 cell lines, in contrast to positive control (C. verrucosa leaf extract) with IC50 of 22.30 \u00b5g\/mL on HeLa cells and 15.72 \u00b5g\/mL on DU145 cells. Also, DAPI staining was performed in order to determine the effect on nuclear material due to ZnO NPs treatment in the studied cell lines taking leaf extract as positive control and untreated negative control for comparison. Cell migration assay was evaluated to determine the direct influence of NPs on metastasis that is potential suppression capacity of NPs to tumor cell migration. Outcome of the synthesized ZnO NPs using C. verrucosa shows antimicrobial activity against studied microbes, also cytotoxicity, apoptotic mediated DNA damage and antiproliferative potentiality in the studied carcinoma cells and hence, can be further used in biomedical, pharmaceutical and food processing industries as an effective antimicrobial and anti-cancerous agent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25214896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T02:44:12Z","timestamp":1603421052000},"page":"4896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Crotalaria verrucosa Leaf Extract Mediated Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Assessment of Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Siva Sankar","family":"Sana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science &amp; Nanotechnology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa 516005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Divya Vishambhar","family":"Kumbhakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics &amp; Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akbar","family":"Pasha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics &amp; Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smita C.","family":"Pawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics &amp; Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrews Nirmala","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nanotechnology Research, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9063-2209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raghvendra Pratap","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Biotechnology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Van-Huy","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4313-301X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quyet Van","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanxi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114397","article-title":"Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel","volume":"311","author":"Nel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2017.08.006","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles: A promising nanomaterial for biomedical applications","volume":"22","author":"Mishra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Discovery Today"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2018.06.003","article-title":"A systematic review on antibacterial activity of zinc against Streptococcus mutans","volume":"30","author":"Almoudi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi Dental J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-018-0334-5","article-title":"A review on biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their biocidal properties","volume":"16","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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