{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:25:05Z","timestamp":1791318305666,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,25]],"date-time":"2020-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University","award":["Faculty Internship Award 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Faculty Internship Award 2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many people with MS (pwMS) use unregulated cannabis or cannabis products to treat the symptoms associated with the disease. In line with this, Sativex, a synthetic combination of cannabidiol (CBD) and \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC) has been approved to treat symptoms of spasticity. In animals, CBD is effective in reducing the amounts of T-cell infiltrates in the spinal cord, suggesting CBD has anti-inflammatory properties. By doing this, CBD has shown to delay symptom onset in animal models of multiple sclerosis and slow disease progression. Importantly, combinations of CBD and \u03949-THC appear more effective in treating animal models of multiple sclerosis. While CBD reduces the amounts of cell infiltrates in the spinal cord, \u03949-THC reduces scores of spasticity. In human studies, the results are less encouraging and conflict with the findings in animals. Drugs which deliver a combination of \u03949-THC and CBD in a 1:1 ratio appear to be only moderately effective in reducing spasticity scores, but appear to be almost as effective as current front-line treatments and cause less severe side effects than other treatments, such as baclofen (a GABA-B receptor agonist) and tizanidine (an \u03b12 adrenergic receptor agonist). The findings of the studies reviewed suggest that cannabinoids may help treat neuropathic pain in pwMS as an add-on therapy to already established pain treatments. It is important to note that treatment with cannabinoid compounds may cause significant cognitive dysfunction. Long term double-blind placebo studies are greatly needed to further our understanding of the role of cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25214930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T03:51:47Z","timestamp":1603684307000},"page":"4930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["A Critical Review of the Role of the Cannabinoid Compounds \u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD) and their Combination in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9507-5985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9amon","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Neuropsychopharmacology Division, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4283-9413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Styliani","family":"Vlachou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Neuropsychopharmacology Division, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02862859","article-title":"An archaeological and historical account of cannabis in China","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"1973","journal-title":"Econ. 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