{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T22:03:31Z","timestamp":1777327411237,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]],"date-time":"2020-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission\u2019s Erasmus Mundus","award":["2015-1594\/001-001-EMJD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015-1594\/001-001-EMJD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biobased lignin represents one of the possible materials for next-generation flame retardant additives due to its sustainability, environmental benefits and comparable efficiency to other flame retardant (FR) additives. In this context, this study presents the development of FR polyamide 11 (PA11) multifilament yarns and fabric structures containing different industrial lignins (i.e., lignosulfonate lignin (LL), and Kraft lignin (KL)) and zinc phosphinate (ZnP). The combination of ZnP and lignin (KL or LL) at different weight ratios were used to prepare flame retarded PA11 blends by melt mixing using a twin-screw extruder. These blends were transformed into continuous multifilament yarns by the melt-spinning process even at a high concentration of additives as 20 wt%. The mechanical test results showed that the combination of KL and ZnP achieved higher strength and filaments showed regularity in structure as compared to the LL and ZnP filaments. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis showed the incorporation of lignin induces the initial decomposition (T5%) at a lower temperature; at the same time, maximum decomposition (Tmax) shifts to a higher temperature region and a higher amount of char residue is reported at the end of the test. Further, the TGA-FTIR study revealed that the ternary blends (i.e., the combination of LL or KL, ZnP, and PA11) released mainly the phosphinate compound, hydrocarbon species, and a small amount of phosphinic acid during the initial decomposition stage (T5%), while hydrocarbons, carbonyls, and phenolic compounds along with CO2 are released during main decomposition stage (Tmax). The analysis of decomposition products suggests the stronger bonds formation in the condensed phase and the obtainment of a stable char layer. Cone calorimetry exploited to study the fire behavior on sheet samples (polymer bulk) showed an improvement in flame retardant properties with increasing lignin content in blends and most enhanced results were found when 10 wt% of LL and ZnP were combined such as a reduction in heat release rate (HRR) up to 64% and total heat release (THR) up to 22%. Besides, tests carried out on knitted fabric structure showed less influence on HRR and THR but the noticeable effect on postponing the time to ignition (TTI) and reduction in the maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) value during combustion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25214963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T23:06:12Z","timestamp":1604012772000},"page":"4963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Development of Novel Polyamide 11 Multifilaments and Fabric Structures Based on Industrial Lignin and Zinc Phosphinate as Flame Retardants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9463-026X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neeraj","family":"Mandlekar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GEMTEX-Laboratoire de G\u00e9nie et Mat\u00e9riaux Textiles, ENSAIT, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"},{"name":"College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5031-3396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Cayla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEMTEX-Laboratoire de G\u00e9nie et Mat\u00e9riaux Textiles, ENSAIT, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0495-2047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Rault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEMTEX-Laboratoire de G\u00e9nie et Mat\u00e9riaux Textiles, ENSAIT, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0712-6250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Giraud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEMTEX-Laboratoire de G\u00e9nie et Mat\u00e9riaux Textiles, ENSAIT, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1405-4830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabien","family":"Sala\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEMTEX-Laboratoire de G\u00e9nie et Mat\u00e9riaux Textiles, ENSAIT, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinping","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6559","article-title":"Brominated flame retardants: Cause for concern?","volume":"112","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-4120(03)00107-7","article-title":"Toxic effects of brominated flame retardants in man and in wildlife","volume":"29","author":"Darnerud","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.02.113","article-title":"Phytic acid as a bio-based phosphorus flame retardant for poly(lactic acid) nonwoven fabric","volume":"124","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.06.129","article-title":"A plant-based reactive ammonium phytate for use as a flame-retardant for cotton fabric","volume":"175","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan, A.B., and Wilkie, C.A. (2014). Non-Halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook, Scrivener Publishing.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118939239"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(01)00202-6","article-title":"An investigation of thermal degradation and charring of larch lignin in the condensed phase: The effects of boric acid, guanyl urea phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and ammonium polyphosphate","volume":"75","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2012.03.009","article-title":"Effect of ligno-derivatives on thermal properties and degradation behavior of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-based biocomposites","volume":"97","author":"Bertini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2005.01.052","article-title":"Thermal degradation behaviour of isotactic polypropylene blended with lignin","volume":"91","author":"Canetti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2011.02.007","article-title":"Thermal degradation and flame retardancy properties of ABS\/lignin: Effects of lignin content and reactive compatibilization","volume":"518","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(02)00266-5","article-title":"Flame retardants for polypropylene based on lignin","volume":"79","author":"Armanini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.1130","article-title":"Flammability properties of intumescent PLA including starch and lignin","volume":"19","author":"Casetta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10086-018-1701-4","article-title":"Lignosulfonate\/APP IFR and its flame retardancy in lignosulfonate-based rigid polyurethane foams","volume":"64","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Wood Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cayla, A., Rault, F., Giraud, S., Sala\u00fcn, F., Sonnier, R., and Dumazert, L. (2019). Influence of Ammonium Polyphosphate\/Lignin Ratio on Thermal and Fire Behavior of Biobased Thermoplastic: The Case of Polyamide 11. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12071146"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.075","article-title":"Graphene oxide functionalized biomolecules for improved flame retardancy of Polyamide 66 fabrics with intact physical properties","volume":"156","author":"Kundu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cayla, A., Rault, F., Giraud, S., Sala\u00fcn, F., Fierro, V., and Celzard, A. (2016). PLA with intumescent system containing lignin and ammonium polyphosphate for flame retardant textile. Polymers, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym8090331"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Arkema Inc. (2020, October 22). Rilsan\u00ae PA11: Created from a Renewable Source. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/file.PostFileLoader.html?id=56bf97be7eddd380108b458d&assetKey=AS%3A328772155920384%401455396798180."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.5028\/jatm.2012.040303912","article-title":"A Review of Welding Technologies for Thermoplastic Composites in Aerospace Applications","volume":"4","author":"Botelho","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-006-0234-2","article-title":"Natural-fiber-reinforced polymer composites in automotive applications","volume":"58","author":"Holbery","year":"2006","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Cook, J. (2004). Handbook of Textile Fibres. Natural Fibres, Woodhead Publishing. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5604\/12303666.1221737","article-title":"The Polyamide Market","volume":"24","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fibres Text. East. Eur."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-3910(92)90045-7","article-title":"Effect of the fire-retardant, ammonium polyphosphate, on the thermal decomposition of aliphatic polyamides. I. Polyamides 11 and 12","volume":"36","author":"Levchik","year":"1992","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/0954008316628965","article-title":"The synergism between melamine and expandable graphite on improving the flame retardancy of polyamide 11","volume":"29","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"High Perform. Polym."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-014-8575-7","article-title":"Mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant performance of polyamide 11\u2013halloysite nanotube nanocomposites","volume":"50","author":"Hao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1177\/0734904111404658","article-title":"Flame-retardant polyamide 11 nanocomposites: Further thermal and flammability studies","volume":"29","author":"Lao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Fire Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47298","DOI":"10.1002\/app.47298","article-title":"Enhancement of flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polyamide 6 by incorporating melamine cyanurate combined with attapulgite","volume":"137","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998309338413","article-title":"Flame-retardant Polyamide 11 and 12 nanocomposites: Thermal and Flammability Properties","volume":"43","author":"Lao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/fam.799","article-title":"Heat Resistance and Flammability of High Performance Fibres: A Review","volume":"26","author":"Bourbigot","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fire Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horrocks, R., Sitpalan, A., Zhou, C., and Kandola, B.K. (2016). Flame Retardant Polyamide Fibres: The Challenge of Minimising Flame Retardant Additive Contents with Added Nanoclays. Polymers, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym8080288"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weil, E.D., and Levchik, S.V. (2016). Flame Retardants for Plastics and Textiles, Hanser Hanser Publications.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-56990-579-1"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2011.12.004","article-title":"A comparative study of POSS as synergists with zinc phosphinates for PET fire retardancy","volume":"97","author":"Didane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.011","article-title":"In situ prepared polyamide 6\/DOPO-derivative nanocomposite for melt-spinning of flame retardant textile filaments","volume":"166","author":"Jerman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2018.04.019","article-title":"Fire retardant action of zinc phosphinate and polyamide 11 blend containing lignin as a carbon source","volume":"153","author":"Mandlekar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandlekar, N., Cayla, A., Rault, F., Giraud, S., Sala\u00fcn, F., and Guan, J. (2019). Valorization of Industrial Lignin as Biobased Carbon Source in Fire Retardant System for Polyamide 11 Blends. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11010180"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"ASTM (2013). D1238-13 Standard Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by Extrusion Plastometer, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"ISO (2002). ISO 5660-1:2002-Reaction-to-Fire Tests--Heat Release, Smoke Production and Mass Loss Rate--Part 1: Heat Release Rate (Cone Calorimeter Method), International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2017.04.035","article-title":"Polymer\/lignin blends: Interactions, properties, applications","volume":"93","author":"Kun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1002\/app.24299","article-title":"Some laws of a lignin plasticization","volume":"102","author":"Bouajila","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-018-1311-7","article-title":"Fully Bio-Sourced Nylon 11\/Raw Lignin Composites: Thermal and Mechanical Performances","volume":"26","author":"Sclavons","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13704","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.7b03085","article-title":"Thermal Stability and Fire Retardant Properties of Polyamide 11 Microcomposites Containing Different Lignins","volume":"56","author":"Mandlekar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"441","article-title":"Mechanism of thermal decomposition of lignin","volume":"16","author":"Nassar","year":"1984","journal-title":"Wood Fiber Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.200700330","article-title":"Flame Retardancy Mechanisms of Aluminium Phosphinate in Combination with Melamine Cyanurate in Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate)","volume":"293","author":"Braun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2009.06.013","article-title":"Investigation of the thermal degradation of PET, zinc phosphinate, OMPOSS and their blends\u2014Identification of the formed species","volume":"495","author":"Vannier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-019-02668-7","article-title":"Sodium lignin sulfonate: A bio-macromolecule for making fire retardant cotton fabric","volume":"26","author":"Shukla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-3910(89)90055-4","article-title":"Thermal degradation of pure and flame-retarded polyamides 11 and 12","volume":"23","author":"Sallet","year":"1989","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.1147","article-title":"Flame retardancy mechanisms of metal phosphinates in combination with melamine cyanurate in glass-fiber reinforced poly (1,4-butylene terephthalate): The influence of metal cation","volume":"19","author":"Braun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2013.05.016","article-title":"Thermal degradation of various lignins by TG-MS\/FTIR and Py-GC-MS","volume":"104","author":"Brebu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-3910(94)90224-0","article-title":"Effect of the fire-retardant ammonium polyphosphate on the thermal decomposition of aliphatic polyamides. Part III-Polyamides 6.6 and 6.10","volume":"43","author":"Levchik","year":"1994","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2014.08.019","article-title":"Outlining the mechanism of flame retardancy in polyamide 66 blended with melamine-poly(zinc phosphate)","volume":"70","author":"Naik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Socrates, G. (2001). Infrared and Raman Characteristic Group Frequencies Contents, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2014.06.006","article-title":"Thermal degradation of softwood lignin and hardwood lignin by TG-FTIR and Py-GC\/MS","volume":"108","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2005.01.030","article-title":"Heat release of polymer composites in fire","volume":"37","author":"Mouritz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/fam.949","article-title":"Development of fire-retarded materials\u2014Interpretation of cone calorimeter data","volume":"31","author":"Schartel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fire Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2014.12.015","article-title":"Chemical modification of lignin by phosphorus molecules to improve the fire behavior of polybutylene succinate","volume":"113","author":"Ferry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15473","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.50.15473","article-title":"High-resolution electron microscopy and inelastic light scattering of purified multishelled carbon nanotubes","volume":"50","author":"Bacsa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(01)00049-0","article-title":"The study of flame retardants on thermal degradation and charring process of manchurian ash lignin in the condensed phase","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4732","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.6b00955","article-title":"Converting Industrial Alkali Lignin to Biobased Functional Additives for Improving Fire Behavior and Smoke Suppression of Polybutylene Succinate","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.03.024","article-title":"Novel flame retardant finishing systems for cotton fabrics based on phosphorus-containing compounds and silica derived from sol\u2013gel processes","volume":"85","author":"Alongi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/21\/4963\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:29:09Z","timestamp":1760178549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/21\/4963"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25214963"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25214963","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]}}}