{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:22:40Z","timestamp":1790227360356,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) have superior physicochemical properties and great potential in biomedical applications. Eco-friendly and economic approaches for the synthesis of PtNPs have been developed to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional physical and chemical methods. Various biogenic entities have been utilized in the green synthesis of PtNPs, including mainly plant extracts, algae, fungi bacteria, and their biomedical effects were assessed. Other biological derivatives have been used in the synthesis of PtNPs such as egg yolk, sheep milk, honey, and bovine serum albumin protein. The green approaches for the synthesis of PtNPs have reduced the reaction time, the energy required, and offered ambient conditions of fabrication. This review highlights the state-of-the-art methods used for green synthesis of PtNPs, synthesis parameters, and their reported biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25214981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T23:06:12Z","timestamp":1604012772000},"page":"4981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Platinum Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Biomedical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3056-8281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherif Ashraf","family":"Fahmy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences &amp; Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo 11835, Egypt"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Hertfordshire-Egypt hosted by GAF, R5 New Garden City, New Administrative Capital AL109AB, Cairo 11835, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2112-8436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduard","family":"Preis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udo","family":"Bakowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2047-4222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan Mohamed El-Said","family":"Azzazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences &amp; Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo 11835, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1039\/C1CS15237H","article-title":"The golden age: Gold nanoparticles for biomedicine","volume":"41","author":"Dreaden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurunathan, S., Jeyaraj, M., Kang, M.-H., and Kim, J.-H. (2019). Tangeretin-Assisted Platinum Nanoparticles Enhance the Apoptotic Properties of Doxorubicin: Combination Therapy for Osteosarcoma Treatment. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9081089"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadrolhosseini, A.R., Habibiasr, M., Shafie, S., Solaimani, H., and Lim, H.N. (2019). Optical and Thermal Properties of Laser-Ablated Platinum Nanoparticles Graphene Oxide Composite. Int. J. Mol. 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