{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T04:55:43Z","timestamp":1790312143904,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The extraction of condensed tannins from Aleppo pine bark and sumac roots (Brown Rhus tripartitum) was examined in near industrial conditions, using a water medium in the presence of 2% NaHCO3 and 0.5% NaHSO3 at two different temperatures (70 \u00b0C and at 100 \u00b0C). The tannins extracts were recovered in high yields (~25% of Aleppo pine and ~30% for sumac) with high phenolic contents (&gt;75%). The tannins were characterized by 13C-NMR and MALDI TOF and showed characteristics of procyanidin\/prodelphinidin units. The tannins extracted at 100 \u00b0C were composed of smaller flavonoid oligomers (DP &lt; 8) compared to those extracted at a lower temperature (DP &gt; 10). Adhesive resin formulations were prepared using Aleppo or sumac tannins and four different cross linkers (hexamine, glutaraldehyde, furfural, and glyoxal). The resins were studied by TMA in bending and tannins-based formaldehyde-free wood particleboards were produced. The panels displayed internal bond strengths &gt; 0.35 MPa with the four hardeners and all of them passed relevant international standard specifications for interior grade panels. The best results were observed with the tannins extracted at 70 \u00b0C with furfural as hardener (IB = 0.81 MPa for Aleppo pine and IB = 0.76 MPa for sumac).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25215041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T21:34:47Z","timestamp":1604093687000},"page":"5041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Water Extraction of Tannins from Aleppo Pine Bark and Sumac Root for the Production of Green Wood Adhesives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0049-6723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Issam","family":"Dababi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Etudes et de Recherche sur le Mat\u00e9riau Bois, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Technologies, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, EA 4370, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, 54506 Vand\u0153uvre-L\u00e8s-Nancy CEDEX, France"},{"name":"ICGM, ENSCM, 240 Avenue du Professeur Emile Jeanbrau, 34296 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olinda","family":"Gimello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICGM, ENSCM, 240 Avenue du Professeur Emile Jeanbrau, 34296 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7940-5083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elimame","family":"Elaloui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Mat\u00e9riaux, Energie et Environnement, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de Gafsa, Universit\u00e9 de Gafsa, 2100 Gafsa, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8505-8401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Brosse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Etudes et de Recherche sur le Mat\u00e9riau Bois, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Technologies, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, EA 4370, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, 54506 Vand\u0153uvre-L\u00e8s-Nancy CEDEX, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pizzi, A. (2003). Natural phenolic adhesives I: Tannin. Handbook of Adhesive Technology, Marcel Dekker.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203912225.ch27"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1163\/156856106777638635","article-title":"Recent developments in eco-efficient bio-based adhesives for wood bonding: Opportunities and issues","volume":"20","author":"Pizzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"457","article-title":"Wood adhesives from agricultural by-products: Lignins and tannins for the elaboration of particleboards","volume":"46","author":"Ping","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Haslam, E. (1989). Plant Polyphenols: Vegetable Tannins Revisited. Australia (UK), Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pizzi, A., and Mittal, K.L. (2011). Wood Adhesives, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b12180"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-002-0306-0","article-title":"Biodegradable lightweight construction boards based on tannin\/hexamine bonded hemp shaves","volume":"60","author":"Theis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Holz als Roh Werkstoff."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-014-0798-4","article-title":"Density related properties of bark insulation boards bonded with tannin hexamine resin","volume":"72","author":"Kain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-005-0048-x","article-title":"Non-toxic, zero emission tannin-glyoxal adhesives for wood panels","volume":"63","author":"Ballerini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Holz als Roh Werkstoff."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Pottier-Alapetite, G. (1981). Flore de la Tunisie Angiospermes-Dicotyl\u00e9dones, Ap\u00e9tales Dialyp\u00e9tales, Publications Scientifiques Tunisiennes."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Rejeb, N. (2006). Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Guide (Guide des Plantes Medicinales et Aromatiques), Tunisie Maghreb Editions Imprimerie, INRGREF."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/app.27011","article-title":"Environmentally friendly mixed tannin\/lignin wood resins","volume":"107","author":"Lei","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"LeFloch, E. (1983). Contribution \u00e0 une Etude Ethnobotanique de la Flore Tunisienne, Tunisian Scientific Publications, Official Printing Office of the Tunisian Republic."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00226-014-0686-4","article-title":"Characterization of sumac (Rhus tripartitum) root barks tannin for a potential use in wood adhesives formulation","volume":"49","author":"Saad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.07.035","article-title":"Characterization of Tunisian Aleppo pine tannins for a potential use in wood adhesive formulation","volume":"61","author":"Saad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02663290","article-title":"Increased pine tannins extraction and wood adhesives development by phlobaphenes minimization","volume":"50","author":"Pizzi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Holz Roh Werkst."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Pizzi, A. (1989). Tannin-Based Wood Adhesives in Chemistry and Technology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02621420","article-title":"Wood adhesives based on tannin extracts from barks of some pine and spruce species","volume":"52","author":"Yazaki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Holz Roh Werkst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1993.070501209","article-title":"Comparative 13C NMR study of polyflavonoid tannin extracts for phenolic polycondensates","volume":"50","author":"Pizzi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2008.07.004","article-title":"Evaluation of potential applications for chestnut (Castanea sativa) shell and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) bark extracts","volume":"29","author":"Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7689","DOI":"10.1021\/jf071166n","article-title":"Oligomeric proanthocyanidins from mangosteen pericarps","volume":"55","author":"Fu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"3396","article-title":"MALDI-TOF Analysis of Aleppo Pine Bark Tannin","volume":"9","author":"Abdalla","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioResearch"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.02.039","article-title":"Condensed tannins from grape pomace: Characterization by FTIR and MALDI TOF and production of environment friendly wood adhesive","volume":"40","author":"Ping","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dababi, I., Gimello, O., Elaoui, E., Quignard, F., and Brosse, N. (2016). Organosolv lignin-based wood adhesive. Influence of the lignin extraction conditions on the adhesive performance. Polymers, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym8090340"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19981107)70:6<1093::AID-APP6>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Polycondensation and autocondensation networks in polyflavonoid tannins. II. Polycondensation versus autocondensation","volume":"70","author":"Garcia","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.08.010","article-title":"Polyphenolic resins prepared with maritime pine bark tannin and bulky-aldehydes","volume":"62","author":"Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.7569\/JRM.2014.634130","article-title":"Valorization of Tunisian Pomegranate Peel Tannins in Green Adhesives Formulation","volume":"3","author":"Saad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Mater."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/21\/5041\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:26:48Z","timestamp":1760178408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/21\/5041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25215041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25215041","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]}}}