{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T08:00:03Z","timestamp":1777363203889,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A series of novel 1,2,3-triazoles hybridized with two quinolin-2-ones, was designed and synthesized through click reactions. The structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by NMR, IR, and mass spectra in addition to elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were assessed for their antiapoptotic activity in testis, as testicular torsion is the main cause of male infertility. This effect was studied in light of decreasing tissue damage induced by I\/R in the testis of rats using N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as an antiapoptotic reference. Compounds 6a\u2013c were the most active antiapoptotic hybrids with significant measurements for malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the apoptotic biomarkers (testicular testosterone, TNF\u03b1, and caspase-3) in comparison to the reference. A preliminary mechanistic study was performed to improve the antiapoptotic activity through caspase-3 inhibition. A compound assigned as 6-methoxy-4-(4-(((2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-4-yl)oxy)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)quinolin-2(1H)-one (6c) was selected as a representative of the most active hybrids in comparison to NAC. Assay of cytochrome C for 6c revealed an attenuation of cytochrome C level about 3.54 fold, comparable to NAC (4.13 fold). In caspases-3,8,9 assays, 6c was found to exhibit more potency and selectivity toward caspase-3 than other caspases. The testicular histopathological investigation was carried out on all targeted compounds 6a\u2013g, indicating a significant improvement in the spermatogenesis process for compounds 6a\u2013c if compared to the reference relative to the control. Finally, molecular docking studies were done at the caspase-3 active site to suggest possible binding modes. Hence, it could conceivably be hypothesized that compounds 6a\u2013c could be considered good lead candidate compounds as antiapoptotic agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25215057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T21:34:47Z","timestamp":1604093687000},"page":"5057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Design, Synthesis, Molecular Docking, Antiapoptotic and Caspase-3 Inhibition of New 1,2,3-Triazole\/Bis-2(1H)-Quinolinone Hybrids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Essmat M.","family":"El-Sheref","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0314-3408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf A.","family":"Aly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9687-8747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed B.","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan B.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W University Blvd, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara Mohamed Naguib","family":"Abdel-Hafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Histology Department, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6511-1797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walaa Yehia","family":"Abdelzaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacology Department, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4845-3191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Br\u00e4se","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0078-5261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"ElShimaa M. N.","family":"Abdelhafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2019.103348","article-title":"New quinoline-2-one\/pyrazole derivatives; design, synthesis, molecular docking, anti-apoptotic evaluation, and caspase-3 inhibition assay","volume":"94","author":"Aly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2007.070226","article-title":"Apoptosis and expression of caspase-3 in cyclosporin-induced gingival overgrowth","volume":"78","author":"Bulut","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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