{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:51:36Z","timestamp":1790830296437,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with iron deficiency anaemia are treated with oral iron supplementation, which is known to cause gastrointestinal side effects by likely interacting with the gut microbiome. To better study this impact on the microbiome, we investigated oral iron-driven changes in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the faecal metabolome. Stool samples from patients with iron deficiency anaemia were collected pre- and post-treatment (n = 45 and 32, respectively). Faecal headspace gas analysis was performed by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry and the changes in VOCs determined. We found that the abundance of short-chain fatty acids and esters fell, while aldehydes increased, after treatment. These changes in pre- vs. post-iron VOCs resemble those reported when the gut is inflamed. Our study shows that iron changes the intestinal metabolome, we suggest by altering the structure of the gut microbial community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25215113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T20:46:52Z","timestamp":1604436412000},"page":"5113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Using Volatile Organic Compounds to Investigate the Effect of Oral Iron Supplementation on the Human Intestinal Metabolome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ammar","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Henry Wellcome Laboratory, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9765-6978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael","family":"Slater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Henry Wellcome Laboratory, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth PL6 8DH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Probert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Henry Wellcome Laboratory, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2017.02.004","article-title":"New insights into iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia","volume":"31","author":"Camaschella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1401038","article-title":"Iron-Deficiency Anemia","volume":"372","author":"Camaschella","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. 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