{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T15:34:08Z","timestamp":1781278448476,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The kinetoplastids are protozoa characterized by the presence of a distinctive organelle, called the kinetoplast, which contains a large amount of DNA (kinetoplast DNA (kDNA)) inside their single mitochondrion. Kinetoplastids of medical and veterinary importance include Trypanosoma spp. (the causative agents of human and animal African Trypanosomiasis and of Chagas disease) and Leishmania spp. (the causative agents of the various forms of leishmaniasis). These neglected diseases affect millions of people across the globe, but drug treatment is hampered by the challenges of toxicity and drug resistance, among others. Propolis (a natural product made by bees) and compounds isolated from it are now being investigated as novel treatments of kinetoplastid infections. The anti-kinetoplastid efficacy of propolis is probably a consequence of its reported activity against kinetoplastid parasites of bees. This article presents a review of the reported anti-kinetoplastid potential of propolis, highlighting its anti-kinetoplastid activity in vitro and in vivo regardless of geographical origin. The mode of action of propolis depends on the organism it is acting on and includes growth inhibition, immunomodulation, macrophage activation, perturbation of the cell membrane architecture, phospholipid disturbances, and mitochondrial targets. This gives ample scope for further investigations toward the rational development of sustainable anti-kinetoplastid drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25215155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T09:04:34Z","timestamp":1604567074000},"page":"5155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Strong Anti-Kinetoplastid Properties of Bee Propolis: Composition and Identification of the Active Agents and Their Biochemical Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4072-9800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Godwin U.","family":"Ebiloma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7889-0427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nahandoo","family":"Ichoron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytochemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Makurdi 2373, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weam","family":"Siheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1094-7604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David G.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8013-2702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John O.","family":"Igoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytochemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Makurdi 2373, Nigeria"},{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9963-1827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry P.","family":"De Koning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvar, J., V\u00e9lez, I.D., Bern, C., Herrero, M., Desjeux, P., Cano, J., Jannin, J., den Boer, M., and WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team (2012). Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2018.09.006","article-title":"Challenges in drug discovery targeting TriTryp diseases with an emphasis on leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.8b00298","article-title":"Drug discovery for kinetoplastid diseases: Future directions","volume":"5","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/1087057113511270","article-title":"Overcoming the challenges of drug discovery for neglected tropical diseases: The A\u00b7WOL experience","volume":"19","author":"Johnston","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Screen."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"399","article-title":"Current scenario of drug development for leishmaniasis","volume":"123","author":"Croft","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.03.028","article-title":"Bioassay-guided isolation of active principles from Nigerian medicinal plants identifies new trypanocides with low toxicity and no cross-resistance to diamidines and arsenicals","volume":"202","author":"Ebiloma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4613","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22908-3","article-title":"Multi-target mode of action of a Clerodane-type diterpenoid from Polyalthia longifolia targeting African trypanosomes","volume":"8","author":"Ebiloma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI33945","article-title":"Kinetoplastids: Related protozoan pathogens, different diseases","volume":"118","author":"Stuart","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, June 06). WHO Roadmap Inspires Unprecedented Support to Defeat Neglected Tropical Diseases. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/neglected_diseases\/London_meeting_follow_up\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"5","article-title":"A survey of medicinal plants used as traditional medicine in Ukum and Ogbadibo Local Government Areas of Benue state, Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"Ichoron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plants Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray, A.I., Igoli, J.O., and Edrada-Ebel, R. (2012). Natural products isolation in modern drug discovery programs. Natural Products Isolation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-624-1_20"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brahmachari, G. (2019). Therapeutics from natural products against neglected tropical diseases: An overview. Discovery and Development of Therapeutics from Natural Products against Neglected Tropical Diseases, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815723-7.00001-8"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2018.08.013","article-title":"Composition and functional properties of propolis (bee glue): A review","volume":"26","author":"Anjum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01038-2","article-title":"The chemical characterization of Nigerian propolis samples and their activity against Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"7","author":"Omar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2605","article-title":"Chemical characterisation of Nigerian red propolis and its biological activity against Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"27","author":"Omar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siheri, W., Zhang, T., Ebiloma, G.U., Biddau, M., Woods, N., Hussain, M.Y., Clements, C.J., Fearnley, J., Ebel, R.E., and Paget, T. (2016). Chemical and antimicrobial profiling of propolis from different regions within Libya. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155355"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"673058","article-title":"Brazilian propolis antileishmanial and immunomodulatory effects","volume":"2013","author":"Cataneo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-011-0613-z","article-title":"In vitro antitrypanosomal activity of some phenolic compounds from propolis and lactones from Fijian Kawa (Piper methysticum)","volume":"66","author":"Otoguro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2011.01385.x","article-title":"The effect of propolis on CCL5 and IFN-\u03b3 expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from leishmaniasis patients","volume":"64","author":"Amarante","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"973","article-title":"Activity of Cuban propolis extracts on Leishmania amazonensis and Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"6","author":"Fidalgo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"556","article-title":"Anti-leishmanial activities of ethanolic extract of Kayseri propolis","volume":"4","author":"Ozbilge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-0896-5","article-title":"In vitro antileishmanial activity of Adana propolis samples on Leishmania tropica: A preliminary study","volume":"102","author":"Duran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-0970-z","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activities of a Brazilian green propolis extract","volume":"103","author":"Pontin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762007000100012","article-title":"Activity of Brazilian and Bulgarian propolis against different species of Leishmania","volume":"102","author":"Leon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"285","article-title":"Propolis: Chemical composition and its applications in endodontics","volume":"13","author":"Ahangari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. Endodont. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5013","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of Portuguese propolis and floral sources for antiprotozoal, antibacterial and antifungal activity","volume":"28","author":"Vale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"24","article-title":"Advances in the propolis chemical composition between 2013 and 2018: A review","volume":"1","author":"Ulrih","year":"2019","journal-title":"eFood"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pujirahayu, N., Suzuki, T., and Katayama, T. (2019). Cycloartane-type triterpenes and botanical origin of propolis of stingless Indonesian bee Tetragonula sapiens. Plants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8030057"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10024","article-title":"Propolis: Types, composition, biological activities, and veterinary product patent prospecting","volume":"100","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blicharska, N., and Seidel, V. (2019). Chemical diversity and biological activity of African propolis. Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 109, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-12858-6_3"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betances-Salcedo, E., Revilla, I., Vivar-Quintana, A.M., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00edn, M.I. (2017). Flavonoid and antioxidant capacity of propolis prediction using near infrared spectroscopy. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201705.0106.v1"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.52.602","article-title":"Antitrypanosomal activity of Brazilian propolis from Apis mellifera","volume":"52","author":"Shimizu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267878","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/267878","article-title":"Comparative chemistry of propolis from eight Brazilian localities","volume":"2013","author":"Righi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19610","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191219610","article-title":"Recent advances in the chemical composition of propolis","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-8-28","article-title":"Propolis volatile compounds: Chemical diversity and biological activity: A review","volume":"8","author":"Bankova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.032","article-title":"Propolis: Is there a potential for the development of new drugs?","volume":"133","author":"Sforcin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.26538\/tjnpr\/v4i3.3","article-title":"Isolation of isosativan from Nigerian red propolis","volume":"4","author":"Sami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. J. Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1","article-title":"A first approach to the chemical composition and antioxidant potential of Guinea-Bissau propolis","volume":"14","author":"Lopes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alaribe, C.S., Esposito, T., Sansone, F., Sunday, A., Pagano, I., Piccinelli, A.L., Celano, R., Cuesta Rubio, O., Coker, H.A., and Nabavi, S.M. (2019). Nigerian propolis: Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and \u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase inhibition. Nat. Prod. Res., 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2019.1682576"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4228","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-020-04461-y","article-title":"Chemical composition and antimycoplasma activity of a brown propolis from southern Brazil","volume":"57","author":"Yatsuda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2016.12.012","article-title":"Chemical compositions and characteristics of organic compounds in propolis from Yemen","volume":"24","author":"Bayaqoob","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038153","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1038153","article-title":"Antioxidant, cytotoxic, and toxic activities of propolis from two native bees in Brazil: Scaptotrigona depilis and Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides","volume":"2017","author":"Bonamigo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395496","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4395496","article-title":"Metal content of nutritional and toxic value in different types of Brazilian propolis","volume":"2020","author":"Hodel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.16714","article-title":"Effects of seasonal variations and collection methods on the mineral composition of propolis from Apis mellifera Linnaeus beehives","volume":"76","author":"Souza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27854","DOI":"10.3390\/s151127854","article-title":"Determination of the mineral composition and toxic element contents of propolis by near infrared spectroscopy","volume":"15","author":"Escuredo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"131","article-title":"A review of the potential therapeutic and cosmetic use of propolis in topical formulations","volume":"10","author":"Motoyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popova, M., Giannopoulou, E., Skalicka-Wo\u017aniak, K., Graikou, K., Widelski, J., Bankova, V., Kalofonos, H., Sivolapenko, G., Gawe\u0142-B\u0119ben, K., and Antosiewicz, B. (2017). Characterization and biological evaluation of propolis from Poland. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22071159"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2412","article-title":"Phenolic profiling of Portuguese propolis by LC\u2013MS spectrometry: Uncommon propolis rich in flavonoid glycosides","volume":"24","author":"Vale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"308249","article-title":"Propolis: A wonder bees product and its pharmacological potentials","volume":"2013","author":"Wagh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Groot, A.C., Popova, M.P., and Bankova, V.S. (2014). An Update on the Constituents of Poplar-Type Propolis, Acdegroot Publishing.","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000069"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.2174\/2213235X03666150328000505","article-title":"A comparison of the constituents of propolis from different regions of the United Kingdom by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry using a metabolomics approach","volume":"3","author":"Saleh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Metabolom."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2014.07.016","article-title":"Characterisation of triterpenes and new phenolic lipids in Cameroonian propolis","volume":"106","author":"Kardar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2016.41","article-title":"Flavonoids: An overview","volume":"5","author":"Panche","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00013940","article-title":"The structure and distribution of the flavonoids in plants","volume":"113","author":"Iwashina","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Plant Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1515\/chem-2020-0016","article-title":"A New fatty acid and some triterpenoids from propolis of Nkambe (North-West Region, Cameroon) and evaluation of the antiradical scavenging activity of their extracts","volume":"18","author":"Mahamat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2016.1253077","article-title":"New mono-ether of glycerol and triterpenes with DPPH radical scavenging activity from Cameroonian propolis","volume":"31","author":"Talla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2019.11.035","article-title":"A new isoflavonol and other constituents from Cameroonian propolis and evaluation of their anti-inflammatory, antifungal and antioxidant potential","volume":"27","author":"Tamfu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siheri, W., Ebiloma, G.U., Igoli, J.O., Gray, A.I., Biddau, M., Akrachalanont, P., Alenezi, S., Alwashih, M.A., Edrada-Ebel, R., and Muller, S. (2019). Isolation of a novel flavanonol and an alkylresorcinol with highly potent anti-trypanosomal activity from Libyan propolis. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24061041"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2011.05.013","article-title":"Flavonoids from Algerian propolis","volume":"9","author":"Segueni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8797284","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8797284","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of arachic acid ethyl ester isolated from propolis","volume":"2020","author":"Sokeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ccana-Ccapatinta, G.V., Mej\u00eda, J.A.A., Tanimoto, M.H., Groppo, M., de Carvalho, J.C.A.S., and Bastos, J.K. (2020). Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taub. and Symphonia globulifera Lf: The botanical sources of isoflavonoids and benzophenones in Brazilian red propolis. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25092060"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12543","article-title":"Antibacterial and leishmanicidal activity of Bolivian propolis","volume":"62","author":"Nina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7330","article-title":"Chemical profiling and antioxidant activity of Bolivian propolis","volume":"96","author":"Nina","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2018.1427550","article-title":"Chemical constituents of Brazilian propolis from the state of Bahia and their growth inhibitory activities against cancer cells","volume":"82","author":"Mitsui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2017.06.016","article-title":"Chemical profile and anti-leishmanial activity of three Ecuadorian propolis samples from Quito, Guayaquil and Cotacachi regions","volume":"120","author":"Jaramillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18144","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules201018144","article-title":"Antibacterial activity, antioxidant effect and chemical composition of propolis from the Regi\u00f3n del Maule, Central Chile","volume":"20","author":"Nina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanpa, S., Popova, M., Bankova, V., Tunkasiri, T., Eitssayeam, S., and Chantawannakul, P. (2015). Antibacterial compounds from propolis of Tetragonula laeviceps and Tetrigona melanoleuca (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from Thailand. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126886"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Yu, M., Sun, M., Xue, X., Wang, T., Cao, W., and Sun, L. (2017). Rapid determination of major compounds in the ethanol extract of geopropolis from Malaysian stingless bees, Heterotrigona itama, by UHPLC-Q-TOF\/MS and NMR. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22111935"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.17576\/jsm-2018-4701-14","article-title":"Chemical constituents of Malaysian Apis mellifera propolis","volume":"47","author":"Ismail","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sains Malays."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.7454\/mst.v23i2.3703","article-title":"Component analysis and antiangiogenic activity of Thailand stingless bee propolis","volume":"23","author":"Ishizu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Makara J. Technol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2018.05.024","article-title":"New cycloartane triterpenes from bioactive extract of propolis from Pitcairn Island","volume":"128","author":"Georgieva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aminimoghadamfarouj, N., and Nematollahi, A. (2017). Propolis diterpenes as a remarkable bio-source for drug discovery development: A review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061290"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"465","article-title":"Two new prenylated stilbenes with an irregular sesquiterpenyl side chain from propolis from Fiji Islands","volume":"10","author":"Trusheva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rec. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2016.11.005","article-title":"A sedge plant as the source of Kangaroo Island propolis rich in prenylated p-coumarate ester and stilbenes","volume":"134","author":"Duke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1002\/ajoc.201600106","article-title":"Structure determination of monomeric phloroglucinol derivatives with a cinnamoyl group isolated from propolis of the stingless bee, Tetragonula carbonaria","volume":"5","author":"Nishimura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1051\/apido\/2010016","article-title":"Propolis and bee health: The natural history and significance of resin use by honey bees","volume":"41","author":"Spivak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6931","DOI":"10.4238\/2013.December.19.12","article-title":"Honey bee lines selected for high propolis production also have superior hygienic behavior and increased honey and pollen stores","volume":"12","author":"Nicodemo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"3689","article-title":"Seasonal benefits of a natural propolis envelope to honey bee immunity and colony health","volume":"218","author":"Borba","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simone-Finstrom, M., Borba, R.S., Wilson, M., and Spivak, M. (2017). Propolis counteracts some threats to honey bee health. Insects, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects8020046"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2017.02.020","article-title":"3-Acyl dihydroflavonols from poplar resins collected by honey bees are active against the bee pathogens Paenibacillus larvae and Ascosphaera apis","volume":"138","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-013-0249-y","article-title":"Increased brood viability and longer lifespan of honeybees selected for propolis production","volume":"45","author":"Nicodemo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simone-Finstrom, M.D., and Spivak, M. (2012). Increased resin collection after parasite challenge: A case of self-medication in honey bees?. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034601"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11689-w","article-title":"Propolis envelope in Apis mellifera colonies supports honey bees against the pathogen, Paenibacillus larvae","volume":"7","author":"Borba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200003","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2020.0003","article-title":"Honeybee microbiome is stabilized in the presence of propolis","volume":"16","author":"Saelao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.04.011","article-title":"Efficacy of natural propolis extract in the control of American Foulbrood","volume":"131","author":"Harriet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2007.10.007","article-title":"In vitro study of the antimicrobial activity of Brazilian propolis against Paenibacillus larvae","volume":"97","author":"Bastos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-012-0178-1","article-title":"New anti-Paenibacillus larvae substances purified from propolis","volume":"44","author":"Bilikova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"171","article-title":"Chemical composition of propolis and American foulbrood: Is there any relationship?","volume":"49","author":"Popova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bulg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1829-7","article-title":"Bioactivity of propolis from different geographical origins on Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae)","volume":"107","author":"Damiani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2001006","article-title":"The varroacidal action of propolis: A laboratory assay","volume":"33","author":"Garedew","year":"2002","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6050-0","article-title":"The effects of raw propolis on Varroa-infested honey bee (Apis mellifera) workers","volume":"117","author":"Pusceddu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drescher, N., Klein, A.-M., Neumann, P., Ya\u00f1ez, O., and Leonhardt, S.D. (2017). Inside honeybee hives: Impact of natural propolis on the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor and viruses. Insects, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects8010015"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.12515","article-title":"Resin foraging dynamics in Varroa destructor-infested hives: A case of medication of kin?","volume":"26","author":"Pusceddu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.881366","article-title":"Propolis chemical composition and honeybee resistance against Varroa destructor","volume":"28","author":"Popova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mura, A., Pusceddu, M., Theodorou, P., Angioni, A., Floris, I., Paxton, R.J., and Satta, A. (2020). Propolis consumption reduces Nosema ceranae infection of European honey bees (Apis mellifera). Insects, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11020124"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07426-0","article-title":"Characterisation of the British honey bee metagenome","volume":"9","author":"Regan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2015.06.007","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of the honey bee trypanosomatids Crithidia mellificae and Lotmaria passim","volume":"130","author":"Ravoet","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2018.11.004","article-title":"Detection of Lotmaria passim in Africanized and European honey bees from Uruguay, Argentina and Chile","volume":"160","author":"Castelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12209","article-title":"Characterization of two species of Trypanosomatidae from the honey bee Apis mellifera: Crithidia mellificae Langridge and McGhee, and Lotmaria passim n. gen., n. sp.","volume":"62","author":"Schwarz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Moracho, T., Buend\u00eda-Abad, M., Benito, M., Garc\u00eda-Palencia, P., Barrios, L., Bartolom\u00e9, C., Maside, X., Meana, A., Jim\u00e9nez-Ant\u00f3n, M.D., and Ol\u00edas-Molero, A.I. (2020). Experimental evidence of harmful effects of Crithidia mellificae and Lotmaria passim on honey bees. Int. J. Parasitol., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.06.009"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2311.2006.00823.x","article-title":"Honey bee and bumblebee trypanosomatids: Specificity and potential for transmission","volume":"31","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Runckel, C., DeRisi, J., and Flenniken, M.L. (2014). A draft genome of the honey bee trypanosomatid parasite Crithidia mellificae. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095057"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(94)90012-4","article-title":"Propolis extracts are effective against Trypanosoma cruzi and have an impact on its interaction with host cells","volume":"43","author":"Higashi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(95)01228-6","article-title":"Effect of different formulations of propolis on mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"46","author":"Higashi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00326-3","article-title":"Phenolic compounds from Brazilian propolis with pharmacological activities","volume":"74","author":"Marcucci","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762006000200013","article-title":"The effect of Bulgarian propolis against Trypanosoma cruzi and during its interaction with host cells","volume":"101","author":"Dantas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.07.018","article-title":"Treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice with propolis promotes changes in the immune response","volume":"103","author":"Dantas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.02.600","article-title":"Propolis and derivatives of megazol: In vitro and in vivo activity on Trypanosoma cruzi, mechanism of action and selectivity","volume":"14","author":"Barbosa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2014.07.002","article-title":"New anti-trypanosomal active prenylated compounds from African propolis","volume":"10","author":"Almutairi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2014.08.022","article-title":"Isolation of diterpenes and flavonoids from a new type of propolis from Saudi Arabia","volume":"10","author":"Almutairi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5194","article-title":"The isolation of antiprotozoal compounds from Libyan propolis","volume":"28","author":"Siheri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47840-y","article-title":"European propolis is highly active against trypanosomatids including Crithidia fasciculata","volume":"9","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01123-06","article-title":"Miltefosine affects lipid metabolism in Leishmania donovani promastigotes","volume":"51","author":"Rakotomanga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1021\/np970367q","article-title":"Phospholipase C\u03b31 inhibitory principles from the sarcotestas of Ginkgo biloba","volume":"61","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1021\/cr970464o","article-title":"Resorcinolic lipids, the natural non-isoprenoid phenolic amphiphiles and their biological activity","volume":"99","author":"Kozubek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10996","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202885109","article-title":"Aquaglyceroporin 2 controls susceptibility to melarsoprol and pentamidine in African trypanosomes","volume":"109","author":"Baker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt442","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei aquaglyceroporin 2 is a high-affinity transporter for pentamidine and melaminophenyl arsenic drugs and the main genetic determinant of resistance to these drugs","volume":"69","author":"Munday","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00032","article-title":"Transport proteins determine drug sensitivity and resistance in a protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"6","author":"Munday","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56416","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.56416","article-title":"Positively selected modifications in the pore of TbAQP2 allow pentamidine to enter Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"9","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.2.5.1003-1008.2003","article-title":"Mechanisms of arsenical and diamidine uptake and resistance in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"2","author":"Matovu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.106.031351","article-title":"Loss of the high-affinity pentamidine transporter is responsible for high levels of cross-resistance between arsenical and diamidine drugs in African trypanosomes","volume":"71","author":"Bridges","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Koning, H.P. (2020). The drugs of sleeping sickness: Their mechanisms of action and resistance, and a brief history. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5010014"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001268","article-title":"The animal trypanosomiases and their chemotherapy: A review","volume":"143","author":"Giordani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alenezi, S.S., Natto, M.J., Igoli, J.O., Gray, A.I., Fearnley, F., Fearnley, H., De Koning, H.P., and Watson, D.G. (2020). Novel flavanones with anti-trypanosomal activity isolated from Zambian and Tanzanian propolis samples. Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2020.10.011"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3311-4","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis on the global distribution, host range, and prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi","volume":"12","author":"Aregawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60061-X","article-title":"Chagas disease","volume":"375","author":"Rassi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dantas Silva, R.P., Machado, B.A.S., de Abreu Barreto, G., Costa, S.S., Andrade, L.N., Amaral, R.G., Carvalho, A.A., Padilha, F.F., Barbosa, J.D.V., and Umsza-Guez, M.A. (2017). Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic properties of various Brazilian propolis extracts. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172585"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185918","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nep014","article-title":"Brazilian green propolis: Effects in vitro and in vivo on Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"2011","author":"Salomao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-017-2497-0","article-title":"Effects of Nigerian red propolis in rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei","volume":"26","author":"Nweze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005797","article-title":"Reservosome: An endocytic compartment in epimastigote forms of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). Correlation between endocytosis of nutrients and cell differentiation","volume":"129","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2003.01458.x","article-title":"Chemical composition and microbicidal activity of extracts from Brazilian and Bulgarian propolis","volume":"38","author":"Dantas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(03)00210-1","article-title":"Flavonoids and trypanocidal activity of Bulgarian propolis","volume":"88","author":"Prytzyk","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2013.856904","article-title":"Brazilian brown propolis elicits antileishmanial effect against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis","volume":"28","author":"Santana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762012000800003","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial assessment of Cuban propolis extracts","volume":"107","author":"Monzote","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devequi-Nunes, D., Machado, B.A.S., de Abreu Barreto, G., Rebou\u00e7as Silva, J., da Silva, D.F., da Rocha, J.L.C., Brand\u00e3o, H.N., Borges, V.M., and Umsza-Guez, M.A. (2018). Chemical characterization and biological activity of six different extracts of propolis through conventional methods and supercritical extraction. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207676"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762007005000020","article-title":"Effects of Brazilian propolis on Leishmania amazonensis","volume":"102","author":"Ayres","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nel006","article-title":"Bioactive constituents of Brazilian red propolis","volume":"3","author":"Trusheva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"e100630","article-title":"Antileishmanial effects of propolis against Leishmania major in vitro and in vivo","volume":"18","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Milit. Health Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3685-8","article-title":"Association of water extract of green propolis and liposomal meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"113","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4890-4","article-title":"Propolis reduces Leishmania amazonensis-induced inflammation in the liver of BALB\/c mice","volume":"115","author":"Mizokami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652011000600006","article-title":"Potential utility of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and propolis in enhancing the leishmanicidal activity of glucantime","volume":"53","author":"Ayres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antileishmanial potential of propolis essential oil and its synergistic combination with Amphotericin B","volume":"15","author":"Jihene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.09.049","article-title":"Antileishmanial and cytotoxic potential of essential oils from medicinal plants in Northern Tunisia","volume":"77","author":"Essid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3086","article-title":"Propolis immunomodulatory action in vivo on Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 expression and on pro-inflammatory cytokines production in mice","volume":"24","author":"Orsatti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6067172","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6067172","article-title":"Parasite killing of Leishmania (V) braziliensis by standardized propolis extracts","volume":"2017","author":"Celes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"877","article-title":"Novel targeting using nanoparticles: An approach to the development of an effective anti-leishmanial drug-delivery system","volume":"9","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73793","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA13206A","article-title":"Silver and gold nanoparticles from Sargentodoxa cuneata: Synthesis, characterization and antileishmanial activity","volume":"5","author":"Ahmad","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2013.07.002","article-title":"Lipid\u2013polymer hybrid nanoparticles as a new generation therapeutic delivery platform: A review","volume":"85","author":"Hadinoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-016-1517-3","article-title":"Polymeric Nanoparticles of Brazilian red propolis extract: Preparation, characterization, antioxidant and leishmanicidal activity","volume":"11","author":"Azevedo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, M.B., Spivak, M., Hegeman, A.D., Rendahl, A., and Cohen, J.D. (2013). Metabolomics reveals the origins of antimicrobial plant resins collected by honey bees. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077512"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2018.07.007","article-title":"The phytochemistry of the honeybee","volume":"155","author":"Bankova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravoet, J., Maharramov, J., Meeus, I., De Smet, L., Wenseleers, T., Smagghe, G., and De Graaf, D.C. (2013). Comprehensive bee pathogen screening in Belgium reveals Crithidia mellificae as a new contributory factor to winter mortality. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072443"},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"35","article-title":"Chemical profiling of Papua New Guinea propolis and assay its antiprotozoal activity","volume":"1","author":"Alenezi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Apither. Nat."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"2","article-title":"A preliminary study of the absorption and metabolism of temperate propolis by human subjects","volume":"3","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1042\/ETLS20170113","article-title":"Drug resistance in protozoan parasites","volume":"1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Topics Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1039\/c2fo30065f","article-title":"A state-of-the-art overview of the effect of metabolic conjugation on the biological activity of flavonoids","volume":"3","author":"Beekmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.136051","article-title":"The role of metabolism (and the microbiome) in defining the clinical efficacy of dietary flavonoids","volume":"105","author":"Cassidy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1039\/C3FO60361J","article-title":"Phenolic compounds: Their journey after intake","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.2174\/138955708786369564","article-title":"Flavonoids: Prospective drug candidates","volume":"8","author":"Cazarolli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-005-0568-5","article-title":"The bioavailability of polyphenols is highly governed by the capacity of the intestine and of the liver to secrete conjugated metabolites","volume":"45","author":"Silberberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/21\/5155\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:29:48Z","timestamp":1760178588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/21\/5155"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25215155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25215155","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]}}}