{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:12:27Z","timestamp":1788909147106,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,7]],"date-time":"2020-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A real electroplating wastewater, containing 51,190 mg\/L of free cyanide (CNf), 4899 mg\/L of Ni and 1904 mg\/L of Cu, was treated with calcium alginate hydrogel beads (CAB), pure or impregnated with biodegraded grape marc (EBGM) or activated carbon (EAC) in order to reduce the elevated load of toxic pollutants below the regulatory limits. It was evaluated the effect of increasing the amount of bioadsorbent as well as the influence of two successive adsorption cycles in the removal efficiency of pollutants. The most favourable sorption conditions onto CAB provided removal percentages of 85.02% for CNf and between 93.40\u201398.21% for heavy metals regarding the raw wastewater. The adsorption capacity of each pollutant onto CAB was considerably increased during the first 30 min of contact time, but after achieving the equilibrium, the following sorption capacities were obtained: 1177, 107.3, 39.5 and 1.52 mg\/g for CNf, Ni, Cu and Zn, respectively. The kinetic adsorption of pollutants onto the CAB was adjusted to different kinetic models, observing that kinetic data agreed with the pseudo-second-order model. The information about intraparticle diffusion mechanisms in the bioadsorption process was also interpreted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25215183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,8]],"date-time":"2020-11-08T20:23:35Z","timestamp":1604867015000},"page":"5183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Effective Removal of Cyanide and Heavy Metals from an Industrial Electroplating Stream Using Calcium Alginate Hydrogels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Benita","family":"P\u00e9rez-Cid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vigo, As Lagoas-Marcosende s\/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Calvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Vigo, As Lagoas-Marcosende s\/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Bel\u00e9n","family":"Moldes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Vigo, As Lagoas-Marcosende s\/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Manuel Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Vigo, As Lagoas-Marcosende s\/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15929","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9081-7","article-title":"Cyanides in the environment\u2014analysis\u2014problems and challenges","volume":"24","author":"Jaszczak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (2010). Toxicological Review of Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanide Salts (Final Report), EPA\/635\/R-08\/016F."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(00)00150-3","article-title":"Development of a process for biodetoxification of metal cyanides from wastewater","volume":"35","author":"Patil","year":"2000","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"28","article-title":"Overview of Cyanide Treatment Methods","volume":"1","author":"Botz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Min. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(94)90346-8","article-title":"Fate and effects of cyanide during wastewater treatment processes","volume":"156","author":"Wild","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (1983). Electroplating and Metal Finishing Point Source Categories, Effluent Limitations Guidelines, Pretreatment Standards and New Source Performance Standards, 40 CFR, Part 413."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2020, November 05). Decree 141\/2012 about Public Service of Sanitation and Wastewater Treatment of Galicia, Official Journal of Galicia, 2012, N\u00b0 129, 26924\u201326958. Available online: https:\/\/www.xunta.gal\/diario-oficial-galicia\/mostrarContenido.do?paginaCompleta=false&idEstado=5&rutaRelativa=true&ruta=\/2012\/20120706\/Secciones1_es.html."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"33","article-title":"Cyanide destruction in plating sludges by hot alkaline chlorination","volume":"89","author":"Wedl","year":"1991","journal-title":"Met. Finish."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1081\/ESE-120027742","article-title":"Oxidative treatment of cyanide in wastewater using hydrogen peroxide and homogeneous catalyst","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.1999.16.293","article-title":"Equilibrium precipitation and dissolution of iron cyanide solids in water","volume":"16","author":"Ghosh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2015.07.008","article-title":"Enhanced precipitation of cyanide from electroplating wastewater via self-assembly of bimetal cyanide complex","volume":"150","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wri.2016.06.002","article-title":"Comparative investigation on the removal of cyanide from aqueous solution using two different bioadsorbents","volume":"15","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Resour. Ind."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.06.051","article-title":"Cyanide in industrial wastewaters and its removal: A review on biotreatment","volume":"163","author":"Dash","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(98)00280-4","article-title":"Sodium cyanide separation and parameter estimation for reverse osmosis thin film composite polyamide membrane","volume":"154","author":"Murthy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.12.046","article-title":"Treatment of wastewaters from cyanide-free plating process by electrodialysis","volume":"91","author":"Scarazzato","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.08.015","article-title":"Enhanced carbon adsorption treatment for removing cyanide from coking plant effluent","volume":"184","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2010.05.056","article-title":"Adsorption of the complex ion Au(CN)2\u2212 onto sulfur-impregnated activated carbon in aqueous solutions","volume":"349","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.01.016","article-title":"Adsorptive removal of cyanide from coke oven wastewater onto zero-valent iron: Optimization through response surface methodology, isotherm and kinetic studies","volume":"178","author":"Tyagi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.03.122","article-title":"Synthesis of NiAl- layered double hydroxide with nitrate intercalation: Application in cyanide removal from steel industry effluent","volume":"373","author":"Ravuru","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.12.050","article-title":"Treatment of cyanide effluents by oxidation and adsorption in batch and column studies","volume":"166","author":"Yazici","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.07.086","article-title":"Removal of cyanide from wastewater by adsorption onto pistachio hull wastes: Parametric experiments, kinetics and equilibrium analysis","volume":"183","author":"Moussavi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2017.11.048","article-title":"Experimental dataset on acid treated eggshell for removing cyanide ions from synthetic and industrial wastewaters","volume":"16","author":"Asgari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2003.10.040","article-title":"Removal of copper and nickel ions from aqueous solutions by grape stalks wastes","volume":"38","author":"Villaescusa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2017.06.026","article-title":"Heavy metals adsorption by banana peels micro-powder: Equilibrium modeling by non-linear models","volume":"26","author":"Vilardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2166\/wrd.2016.104","article-title":"Heavy metal removal from wastewater using various adsorbents: A review","volume":"7","author":"Agarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Water Reuse Desal."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.05.017","article-title":"Heavy metal sorption by calcium alginate beads from Laminaria digitate","volume":"137","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. B"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-004-1563-3","article-title":"Utilization in alginate beads for Cu(II) and Ni(II) adsorption of an exopolysaccharide produced by Chryseomonas luteola TEM05","volume":"21","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-018-3697-1","article-title":"Industrial Symbiosis Between the Winery and Environmental Industry Through the Utilization of Grape Marc for Water, Desalination Containing Copper(II)","volume":"229","author":"Bustos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-013-1448-x","article-title":"Entrapped peat in alginate beads as green adsorbent for the elimination of dye compounds from vinasses","volume":"224","author":"Vecino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.03.004","article-title":"Formulation of an alginate-vineyard pruning waste composite as a new eco-friendly adsorbent to remove micronutrients from agroindustrial effluents","volume":"111","author":"Vecino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-018-2376-0","article-title":"Calcium alginate gel and hard beads for the removal of total organic acid anions and heavy metal ions from industrial lean methyldiethanolamine solvent","volume":"76","author":"Pal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.04.009","article-title":"Surface modification of chitin using ultrasound-assisted and supercritical CO2 technologies for cobalt adsorption","volume":"295","author":"Dotto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2016.07.004","article-title":"Development of chitosan\/bentonite hybrid composite to remove hazardous anionic and cationic dyes from colored effluents","volume":"4","author":"Dotto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2011.11.008","article-title":"Optimization and kinetic analysis of food dyes biosorption by Spirulina platensis","volume":"91","author":"Dotto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.03.034","article-title":"Application of carbon foam for heavy metal removal from industrial plating wastewater and toxicity evaluation of the adsorbent","volume":"153","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2015.09.011","article-title":"Physicochemical study of a bio-based adsorbent made from grape marc","volume":"84","author":"Vecino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.08.088","article-title":"Study of the physical properties of calcium alginate hydrogel beads containing vineyard pruning waste for dye removal","volume":"115","author":"Vecino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1515\/pjct-2016-0052","article-title":"Biosorption of Ni(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) on calcium alginate beads: Equilibrium, kinetic and mechanism studies","volume":"18","author":"Nastaj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol. J. Chem. Tech."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"About the theory of so-called adsorption of soluble substances","volume":"24","author":"Lagergren","year":"1898","journal-title":"K. Sven. Vetensk. Handl."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(98)00112-5","article-title":"Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes","volume":"34","author":"Ho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1980.03615995004400020013x","article-title":"Application of Elovich equation to the kinetics of phosphate release and sorption in soils","volume":"44","author":"Chien","year":"1980","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"231","article-title":"Advances in water pollution research: Removal of biologically resistant pollutants from waste waters by adsorption","volume":"2","author":"Weber","year":"1962","journal-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Water Pollut. Symp."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-007-9208-2","article-title":"Evaluation of mesophilic biodegraded grape marc as soil fertilizer","volume":"141","author":"Moldes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Rice, E.W., Baird, R.B., and Eaton, A.D. (2017). Method 3500-Cr B. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, APHA-AWWA-WEF. [23th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Rice, E.W., Baird, R.B., and Eaton, A.D. (2017). Method 4500-CN\u2212 D. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, APHA-AWWA-WEF. [23th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/21\/5183\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:30:37Z","timestamp":1760178637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/25\/21\/5183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,7]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules25215183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25215183","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,7]]}}}